1 12 202 https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/399493e7620c376716d2963f95927524.pdf a10e019fe674143e84384c784579d8dd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Moses and Michael's Final Paper https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/b1b4e1cf4a4f48aa9e9ea8a18747c926.jpg 2d0038010838b6aaf4ebd82cf990d58a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Petrarch Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Moses Jehng Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1304-1374 Description An account of the resource Known as the “Father of Humanism,” Francisco Petrarch (1304-1374) was one of the most influential facilitators in the revitalization of classical antiquity prior to the Renaissance, thus sparking an interest that—as the exhibit will show—endured throughout Early Modern Europe. Born in Arezzo, Italy, Petrarch initially pursued legal studies at the behest of his father. However, he soon abandoned this path in favor of religious studies. Through this, he became thoroughly interested in classical texts deemed “lost” to the ages, searching monasteries across Europe for them. Having read an increasing amount of classical literature, he began to praise the values of Ancient Greece and Rome in his writings, glorifying their societies as civilized and refined. He lauded Aristotle’s approach to self-actualization, as well as the emphasis Plato placed on virtue. Simultaneously, he gained acclaim for his poetry (Whitfield). The works of Petrarch and his translations of classical texts served as inspiration for future scholars and precipitated a veneration for the classics, laying the foundations for the Renaissance (discussed in week one of HIST 139). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Altichiero. Portrait of Francesco Petrarca. C. 1370-80. In Wikimedia. July 7, 2007. Accessed November 18, 2018. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Altichiero,_ritratto_di_Francesco_Petrarca.jpg. Whitfield, John Humphreys. "Petrarch." Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed November 18, 2018. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Petrarch. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/7918ecc07c607f5f8d61c2a36324db31.pdf 7aa1ac9d7daf9d5216035aba0461ba1c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Zach Irvin Introduction Paper https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/cf18f770954288934dda86a0a5d4ba0d.jpg 96f5e168b3a601587db3b3eaca0e38c0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cicero Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Moses Jehng Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Cicero (106-43 BC) Bust of Cicero (100 AD) Description An account of the resource A famed Roman statesman and philosopher, Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BCE) was known for both his contributions to politics via the Roman senate and his works on ethics, political philosophy, and rhetoric. Cicero was born into wealth and thus received a thorough education in Greece and Rome, and immediately embarked into the political life. His talent for oration quickly ensured his meteoric rise to the rank of praetor, delivering speeches both deliberative and judicial. In terms of his philosophy, Cicero was an avid scholar of Plato, Socrates, and Aristotle. Their influence can be observed in his conception of ethics, Cicero having borrowed the foundations for his virtue theory from the three. In Cicero’s work De Officiis, his model of virtue is similar to that of Plato’s—consisting of justice, prudence/wisdom, temperance, and courage (Cicero, Book I) (Plato, Book IV). Likewise, Cicero shared the belief that a virtuous life was a prerequisite to a truly happy one. However, Cicero disagreed on the case of rhetoric. Rejecting Plato’s assertion that all rhetoric was mere pandering independent from knowledge of the relevant subject (Gorgias 453b-465e), Cicero declared that rhetoric was an intricate art requiring expertise in the topic. Furthermore, much like Aristotle, Cicero believed that rhetoric was necessary for the progression of society. While Plato portrayed rhetoric as inherently evil, Cicero presented the opposite, culminating in his representation of the “ideal orator” (De Oratore, Book I). The works of Cicero, along with Plato and Aristotle, composed a significant portion of Petrarch’s revival of classical literature (see item “Petrarch” in “Political Philosophy of Classical Antiquity”). Cicero’s relevance to Early Modern Europe arises not just in his philosophy, but in the latter half of his life. Having been a firsthand witness to the ascension of Julius Caesar, the transition from a republic to a dictatorship provoked a power struggle between the senate and Caesar—one emblematic of the later struggles between monarchs and parliament. Now a senator, Cicero saw Caesar’s initial ascension via his alliance—the First Triumvirate—as a threat to Roman democracy, declining to join in spite of Caesar’s invitation. From that point on, Cicero endeavored to alienate Caesar’s allies from one another and criticized Caesar, but did so to little avail. Eventually, facing pressure to do so, Cicero succumbed and joined the alliance. Following the civil war that established Caesar’s dictatorship (with Cicero opposing Caesar), Cicero reluctantly returned to the senate under pardon from Caesar. To Cicero, Caesar’s unlimited jurisdiction undermined the power of the senate and thus democracy. To Caesar, the senate was often an antagonist to exacting his will. Though not directly involved in Caesar’s later assassination, Cicero expressed his support, which in turn deteriorated his relationship with Mark Antony, Julius’ successor. Like his relationship with Julius, Cicero continued his history of antagonization. He would often deliver scathing critiques of Antony to the public, eventually convincing the senate to declare Antony an enemy of the state. Finally, Antony responded by listing Cicero as an enemy of the Triumvirate, resulting in Cicero’s assassination (Balsdon and Ferguson). Over a millennium later, the struggles between monarch and legislative body experienced by Cicero had become a recurring theme in the hybrid governments of Early Modern Europe (discussed in week six of HIST 139). Most notably, the antagonistic relationship between the monarchs of France and parlement resembled that of Cicero and Caesar/Antony. Throughout the reign of Louis XIV, parlement and the monarch were at odds due to competing policy interests, resulting in conflicts such as the Fronde, a violent revolt. Exhausting France’s finances via continuous war like his predecessors, King Louis XV turned to increased taxation as a means of replenishment. Parlement, however, opposed every single attempt made by the king to do so. Following a series of hostile exchanges, Louis XV dissolved parlement, resulting in a sharp rise in anonymous criticisms against him (Wiesner-Hanks, p. 329-32). Similarly, the relationship between Parliament and monarch in the reigns of England’s James VI and Charles I was fraught with discord. As with the French monarchs, James VI spent much of his country’s finances. Additionally, to raise funds, he would often attempt to circumvent Parliament, angering them. His career was marred with opposition to the Parliament, at one point illegitimately removing a page from Parliament’s Book of Commons to nullify their decision. His successor, Charles I, went as far as to attempt the arrest of five members of Parliament, with his career ending in civil war. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Balsdon, John, and John Ferguson. "Marcus Tullius Cicero." Encyclopedia Britannica.October 4, 2018. Accessed November 16, 2018. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cicero. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. De Oratore. Edited by E. H. Warmington. Translated by E. W. Sutton. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Accessed November 16, 2018. https://archive.org/stream/cicerodeoratore01ciceuoft/cicerodeoratore01ciceuoft_djvu.txt. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. De Officiis. Translated by Walter Miller. New York, NY: MacMillan Company, 2014. September 29, 2014. Accessed November 16, 2018. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/47001/47001-h/47001-h.htm. Luiz, José. Bust of Cicero. September 24, 2016. Capitoline Museums, Rome. In Wikimedia. December 10, 2016. Accessed November 17, 2018. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_of_Cicero_(1st-cent._BC)_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg. Plato. Gorgias. Translated by Chris Emlyn-Jones and Walter Hamilton. New York, NY: Penguin Books, 2004. Wiesner-Hanks, Merry. Early Modern Europe 1450-1789. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Photo is Creative Commons https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/3da744a92c871d1f6931c40b1b1f22f6.jpg 311f75e6c090061ca9e83bd78ff9f2a5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Agora Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Moses Jehng Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Ancient Greece Description An account of the resource The Agora was a public space found in Ancient Greek city-states (depicted above is the Athenian Agora) in which citizens would congregate for a number of purposes—exchange of goods, speeches, discussion, and more. The Agora itself was usually home to vendors and their stalls. It is through the Agora that one can understand the deeply involved nature of Greek political and philosophical life, and thus their pride in democracy. Citizens would discuss recent political events and debate one another, influencing their decision on issues. Socrates himself occasionally took to questioning marketgoers during his philosophical musings, as did the philosopher Diogenes of Sinope (Mark). At the core of the decision-making of Athenian democracy was the discussion occurring in the Agora. Aristotle wrote in Book I of Politics that humans are political animals, pointing to an inherent desire to participate and engage politically—a desire that becomes apparent in the Greek Agora. The Agora was the embodiment of the process behind politics, and its intersection with daily life. Over one thousand years later, the spirit of the Agora—the significance of public discourse—is fervently defended by Enlightenment philosopher Immanuel Kant in his essay “What is Enlightenment?” (the Enlightenment being discussed week nine of HIST 139). Kant details two uses of reason—public and private. Private reason is that which is conducted while in office, whereas public reason is that which is not conducted while in office and done so in an appropriate setting (Kant states that this is exercised to a learned audience). He observes that an effective government is contingent on the proper management of each. Private reason, to Kant, should be limited by the government. He provides the example of the law enforcement officer constantly questioning and disobeying their superior—should everyone exercise their reason unnecessarily during their office instead of doing their jobs, societal productivity would halt. Instead, he points to the appropriateness of setting here and declares that public reason be used. Instead of complaining to and disobeying their superior while at work, Kant suggests the officer publish an article in a newspaper about his opinion or discuss it with others while off work at a gathering. In this way, the officer can promote healthy discourse that may evoke change for those whose responsibility it is to enact it. The Agora was the embodiment of the Athenians’ use of public reason, the tool with which Kant frames the progression of ideas and thus humanity. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Aristotle. Politics. Translated by Carnes Lord. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2013. Kant, Immanuel, and H. B. Nisbet. "What Is Enlightenment?" In Political Writings, edited by H. S. Reiss, 54-60. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2017. Mark, Joshua J. "Agora." Ancient History Encyclopedia. September 2, 2009. Accessed November 15, 2018. https://www.ancient.eu/agora/. Murray, Sarah. Ancient Agora, Athens. April 18, 2011. In Atlas Obscura. Accessed November 15, 2018. https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/the-athenian-agora-athens-greece. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Photo is Creative Commons https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/b9c7144b5586f1ccc7aa9dc5f24793ba.jpg cb37ab534332661cebec64db719efd32 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Portret van Jean-Jacques Rousseau Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jean François Garnerey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1791 - 1795 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Garnerey, Jean François. Portret Van Jean-Jacques Rousseau. 1791 - 1795. Rijksmuseum, Netherlands. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain Description An account of the resource Jean-Jacques Rousseau political theories were constructed off the foundation of Italian political thought. Throughout Rousseau’s historical and political writing, it is clear he is trying to present a favorable view of Machiavellian philosophy and he often tries to reconcile his own thoughts with that of Machiavelli (McKenzie 225). In Rousseau’s Social Contract he clearly references Machiavelli’s The Prince and The Discourses as a way to solve explain the role of lawgiver and how divine inspiration plays an important role (McKenzie 223). This can also be seen in Rousseau’s use of Machiavelli’s fortuna, which he uses “to expound his principles in theory”, because “he was limited in the degree to which he could estimate their practicability” (McKenzie 224). Rousseau was clearly enthralled by Machiavelli’s works, which resulted in them playing such an important in his works during the enlightenment. The Italian influence on Rousseau helped shape his political theories, which helped him develop into such an important enlightenment philosopher. His political idea of “general will” played an important role in the foundation of enlightenment political thought, which would be the crux of the plethora of Revolutions in the late 18th century (Delaney). His ideas also provide a larger context on the understanding of the enlightenment, where “general will” is directly tied to sovereignty, which focuses on the direction of the state should lead to the well being of the citizens, which further aligns itself with enlightenment philosophy (Delaney). https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/e675fd021843bbddf2323ee5640aec53.jpg 2d878bec8f229367cc9683df67431ab4 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource English Bill of Rights Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cassidy Bins Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1689 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:English_Bill_of_Rights_of_1689_(middle).jpg) Wiesner-Hanks, Merry. Early Modern Europe: 1450-1789. Cambridge University Press, 2013. Print. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain. Description An account of the resource The English Bill of Rights was a revolutionary document that afforded more authority to Parliament. It was written as a response to the absolutist ideas and actions of the Stuart monarchs. Absolutism dictated that a monarch’s power was God-given, which meant the monarch retained most of the state’s power, and, in the case of England, left very little for Parliament (Wiesner-Hanks, 318). In 1689, England was still plagued with religious and financial conflicts. After James II followed his brother Charles in assuming the English throne and appointed Catholics to several important positions within the government, the worried English Parliament put young Protestant rulers William and Mary on the throne (Wiesner-Hanks, 342). William and Mary conceded to the terms laid out in the Bill of Rights, and agreed in part to tentative religious toleration (Wiesner-Hanks, 343). This period was known as the “Glorious Revolution.” Among other things, the Bill of Rights called for freedom of speech during Parliament debates and free election of Parliament members. The Bill also sought to limit the financial and military powers of the monarch. Its adoption by the Protestant William and Mary is further proof of England’s gradual shift toward a modern nation-state. However, enduring conflict between Catholics and Protestants of the era indicates a lack of secularization in government, particularly in England. https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/72d2a2d502f9189905c6e4318397c216.jpg f6fd971625efbedf10f12caff1117787 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flint gun with battery lock Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1650 Description An account of the resource The development of Pistols, such as the one shown above. Was a significant technological change over the course of the Early Modern Period. Pistols were a sign of political prestige’s, which was how nobles distinguished themselves on the battlefield. It was also a used as a way for the nobility to “both use gunpowder and yet stay above the infantry - figuratively and in actual combat” (Wiesner Hanks 93). Political and military tacticians such as Machiavelli wrote about military strategies before the development of these arms, which would play a significant role in developing new military strategy. This advancement of firearms led to “troops on foot became the heart of early modern armies” (Wiesner Hanks 92). Because of this heavy reliance on infantry soldiers and the advancement of deadlier weapons, wars resulted in heavy casualties and lasted for longer periods of time, which expended more resources. It is because of the advancement of military weapons, that battle deaths began to exceed previous numbers and even reach 1,251,000 deaths in the War of Spanish Succession (Lynn). The advancement of technology during the Scientific Revolution, such a pistoles was a vital part of the early modern period and influenced the desire of technological development. Firearms created a unique political environment, where commanders had to reinvent new tactics, because previous military would not be as effective against Musketeers. In addition to diminished role of cavalry, there was an increase of combat mortality among political leaders, due to the increased effectiveness of the weaponry. This instilled fear in the nobility, which caused many leaders to be reluctant to enter a battle and instead played a more supportive tatican role. Because of their lesser role, “monarchs also hired professional military contractors”, which they employed instead of their citizens (Wiesner Hanks 95). With the development of military technology, political leaders played a diminishing role in engagements of combat. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Rijksmuseum. Flint Gun with Battery Lock. 16550. Flint gun with battery lock, Netherlands. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/68fa359a87e0f5aeffb3e30cc3f31593.jpg ea2679a43a6f449fef3fa2c09675d8e1 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Portrait of Erasmus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1535 Description An account of the resource After 1450, humanism began to spread from its roots in Florence -- long regarded as a hub for scholars -- to Vienna, Heidelberg, and the royal seats of England, France, and Spain (Wiesner-Hanks, 140). Scholars traveled all over Europe, carrying their ideas with them, but more permanent humanist academies and social groups were also established. Desiderius Erasmus, a prominent humanist with an appreciation for Plato and the classics, saw his works circulate throughout Europe in this fashion. Though Erasmus hailed from the Netherlands, his works were an important influence on English thinking during the Renaissance. One of these traceable links involves English humanist Thomas More, with whom Erasmus regularly corresponded. Wiesner-Hanks asserts that at the height of the humanist movement, travel to Italy was unnecessary because up-and-coming scholars such as More could learn about the classics in their home countries. This lends some sense of scope to the humanist movement during More’s lifetime, which spanned from 1478 to 1535 (Wiesner-Hanks, 141). Due in part to the invention of the printing press and the machination of humanist writers themselves, the basic tenets of humanism (the emphasis on revisiting the classics, revising political theory, and propagating the liberal arts in education) were able to cross country borders. More learned Latin without leaving his home country but saw his works circulated outside of it, as Erasmus did (Wiesner-Hanks, 141). Now regarded as one of the most well-known English humanists, his 1516 novel Utopia speaks to this very philosophy in its questioning of political theory and satiric undertones. More’s position relative to the “center” of humanist action at the time is a testament to the spread of ideas. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photo: Rijksmuseum (https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/collectie/SK-A-166) Wiesner-Hanks, Merry. Early Modern Europe: 1450-1789. Cambridge University Press, 2013. Print. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cassidy Bins https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/a26b840dd30492a8b84a1d962a283e72.jpeg 2ec7f49286a32164c958cdba7a7ecbf2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wynkyn de Worde Papal Indulgence Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Wynken de Worde Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Zach Irvin Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 1497 Description An account of the resource Printed in Westminster in 1497, this papal indulgence was issued for the pilgrim shrine of St. James, Compostela in Spain. Throughout the late medieval age, indulgences such as this would have been paid through the Church as part of a process of penance and remission from the temporal punishments of sins. Just as empires accumulated great wealth during the Age of Discovery, so too did their churches. The evolution of Europe’s economy necessitated the adoption of common currency methods, facilitating more universal exchanges of goods and services and allowing money to become a common language throughout European empires. Much like the Church, the authority of the banknote was an unquestioned reality of early modern European life. So long as money was legitimate in the eyes of the Roman Catholic Church, churchgoers held that even grave sins could be absolved through one of these simple monetary exchanges. These exchanges did not, however, go unchallenged. Indulgences such as this would become a central critique of Martin Luther’s famous 95 Theses, as he accused the Church of commercializing the process of penance. Although Luther fundamentally challenged the foundations of the papacy, we will later see the Church continue to extend its wealth and influence throughout Europe’s growing global hegemony. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Wynken de Worde. Wynkyn de Worde Papal Indulgence, 1497. Printed Sheet, University of Edinburgh.<a href="https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/9200261/BibliographicResource_3000058482938.html?q=Wynkyn+de+Worde+Papal+Indulgence">https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/9200261/BibliographicResource_3000058482938.html?q=Wynkyn+de+Worde+Papal+Indulgence</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource CC BY Free Re-use https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/17081415be2452336075eae0a9e403a1.png e7911d865fb14ff0555de0d6548d1e7b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cross Cultural Interaction and Early Modern European Art Description An account of the resource This collection examines the advancements in maritime trade and foreign contact and how this impacted art during Early Modern Europe. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rylyn Monahan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1500-1800 Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Still Life with a Porcelain Jar Description An account of the resource Foreign art objects also piqued the interest of European clientele, and this painting depicts a Chinese porcelain vase in addition to other fruits and items acquired through trade. The painting highlights the assortment of items on the table by darkening the border of the painting and illuminating the art objects. Kalf combines exotic imported goods, such as the Qing dynasty vase, the lemon and peel which likely came from the Mediterranean, the Turkish rug, and the Venetian glass, with locally produced goods like the silver tray and wine glass to highlight Amsterdam as a central European trading site. During the early 17th century, the Dutch Republic founded the Wisselbank in Amsterdam as part of their emphasis on banking and trade “as central to the power structure of the state” (Soll 221). The Dutch people’s sophisticated ideas of finance helped bolster their trading relations and their marketplace “was famous for its luxury products and treasures” (Soll 222). This flourishing trade community allowed for an influx of exotic and foreign items that were appreciated by the elite. Only the upper classes could afford such luxury items, and their inclusion signaled not only Holland’s prosperity for trade but also the wealth of the owner of the painting. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource William Kalf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="http://collection.imamuseum.org/artwork/57562/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Indianapolis Museum of Art</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1669 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Rylyn Monahan China Holland Painting https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/595bf0beda72d8b8abed67669a240326.png 5f3e4e83532d11a2ef56b7eaf551bdf5 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Moses Brought Before Pharaoh's Daughter Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource William Hogarth Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Claire Guang Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1746 Description An account of the resource During the 18th century, landscape became increasingly popular. Additionally, a new interest was placed on history painting. These pieces usually depict a moment in a story which were often moments in religious narratives. This particular piece by Hogarth depicts Moses being given away by his birth mother to the Egyptian princess, his new adopted mother. We don’t see a lot of religious works during this time, as the Anglican Church has become lax and complacent during the 18th century. Unlike previous centuries, religion was respected and tensions between religious groups were not high. Thus, interest in religion during this time was more academic and pragmatic. Although a religious piece, Hogarth does not use this moment to depict morals values, but rather to allude to the themes of childhood, charity, and adoption. This piece was given to the Foundling Hospital, and is one of Hogarth’s more uplifting pieces. His other pieces tended to focus on satire, and dark humor to point out the flaws of society. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.wikiart.org/en/william-hogarth/moses-brought-before-pharaoh-s-daughter-1746 https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/moses-brought-before-pharaohs-daughter-191926 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain