1 12 202 https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/ebb60a8a5b8b2611a734c294b3566664.jpg c808a52aeb2f42a2d9f56eb4e548e041 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "On the Nature of Man," from the Hippocratic Corpus Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hippocrates (or Polybus, his son) Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Moses Jehng Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 400 BCE Description An account of the resource Though not entirely political in nature, "On the Nature of Man" established a concept of medicine that remained in prominence for much of European history until the Scientific Revolution, humoralism (discussed week four of HIST 139). The text proposes the existence of four humors in the body that affect appearance, temperament, and health--black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood. Each was associated with one of Aristotle's elements (black bile with earth, yellow bile with fire, phlegm with water, and blood with air) and certain emotional characteristics (black bile to melancholic, yellow bile to choleric, phlegm to phlegmatic, and blood to sanguine). Whenever an issue with health occurred, the problem was identified as an imbalance of humors. As such, practices such as bloodletting enabled patients to "restore balance." Furthermore, environmental factors could affect humoral balances as well, promoting the excess or deficiency of a certain humor (black bile is dry and cold, yellow bile is hot and dry, phlegm is wet and cold, and blood is hot and wet). In her book The Body of the Conquistador, Rebecca Earle illustrates the political significance of humoralism. Having expanded into the Americas, the Spanish were encountering disease they had not developed immunities to. To explain the Spaniards’ sudden deterioration of health, scholars diagnosed an imbalance of humors due to the temperature/humidity changes of the new environment. As such, the Spanish invested significant amounts of money attempting to solve said imbalance through the transportation of traditional Spanish foods across the ocean. The consumption of a regular Spanish diet was supposed to restore balance to the humors. Additionally, the Spanish utilized humoralism to account for the phenotypic and behavioral differences between themselves and Native Americans. Observing the environments in which the Native Americans lived and the food they ate, the Spanish theorized that while they were once white (as the Bible proclaimed that humanity shared an origin), their conditions affected the balance of their humors, which in turn manifested in darker skin, less facial hair, and diminished appetites. Through this, the Spanish believed that they could “cure” the Native Americans if their lifestyles were changed to that of the Spanish. However, this also meant that the Spanish could gradually become more Native American if they followed the Native Americans’ lifestyles. In making the Native Americans more Spanish and “civilized,” the Spanish justified their colonialism as humanitarian (discussed week four of HIST 139) (Earle). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Earle, Rebecca. The Body of the Conquistador. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Hippocrates. "On the Nature of Man." In Hippocrates, translated by W. Jones, 1-42. Vol. 4. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959. 2005. Accessed November 17, 2018. https://archive.org/stream/hippocrates04hippuoft#page/n9/mode/2up. Table of Contents in a Fourteenth-century Hippocratic Corpus Manuscript. 1525. Online Vatican Exhibit, Vatican City. In Wikimedia. June 14, 2011. Accessed November 17, 2018. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vat-gr-277-10v-11r.jpg. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Photo: Public Domain https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/041915dd24d6bd6d6d5788671349a4ea.jpg 3d15855f38ee494ccdc2f997a7deb024 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Platonism," from Diderot's Encyclopedia. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Louis de Jaucourt and Denis Diderot Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Moses Jehng Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1765 Description An account of the resource An ambitious project to compile a mass of information into several encyclopedias, Diderot’s Encyclopedia—though of the Enlightenment era and not Classical Antiquity—can be used to identify how ideas have endured throughout history. Specifically, the manner in which its entries are described reflects the attitude during them and thus the changes they have undergone. Depicted above is the entry on Platonism. Focused heavily on the individual’s soul and its enrichment (see item “Plato” in “Political Philosophy of Classical Antiquity” for more information on Platonism), Neo-Platonism was the reapplication of Platonic ideals towards Christianity. Despite Plato’s pagan religion, scholars such as Marsilio Ficino proposed Christians approach humanistic/Christian improvement through the balance of the soul advocated by Plato. Ficino highlighted similarities between Platonism and Christianity in his attempt to unite the two—for example, both are characterized by restraint concerning the vices and the perseverance of the soul beyond life. Furthermore, both featured an otherworldly focus as means of transcendence. Plato emphasized the pursuit of the abstract form of good, while Christianity encourages a focus on God. An earlier philosopher, Plotinus, even went as far as to merge the two, recognizing God and the form of good as synonymous. Diderot’s entry of Platonism lauds Plato and the contributions his philosophy have to Christianity, painting the two as complimentary (albeit Christianity being central and Platonism an ornament). This approach regarding Neo-Platonism in Diderot’s Encyclopedia was also a result of the Protestant Reformation (discussed in week three of HIST 139). Christianity had already become deeply intertwined with the ideas of Plato and Aristotle, with Thomas Aquinas adopting a number of their proposals regarding the soul in his commentaries on the work of Aristotle. Additionally, Aquinas interpreted Plato to be in support of the conception of the holy trinity (Aquinas Institute), a position that Diderot and Martin Luther echo. During the Reformation, though a considerable amount of previous doctrine was condemned by Luther, many aspects of Platonism nonetheless endured in Luther’s theories. Luther’s concern with aesthetics and music as means of coming closer to God (Mattes) resonate with Plato’s position on the higher nature of the arts. Furthermore, he tends to view the Bible through an allegorical perspective, once again echoing Plato’s allegories. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Photo is Public Domain Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Aquinas, Thomas. "Commentaries on Aristotle." Aquinas Institute. Accessed November 14, 2018. https://aquinas.institute/operaomnia/aristotle/. Cover of the "Encyclopédie, Ou Dictionnaire Raisonné Des Sciences, Des Arts Et Des Métiers". 1751. Wikimedia. In Wikimedia. March 31, 2014. Accessed November 14, 2018. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Encyclopedie_de_D'Alembert_et_Diderot_-_Premiere_Page_-_ENC_1-NA5.jpg. De Jaucourt, Louis. "Platonism." Encyclopédie. Compiled by Denis Diderot. Accessed November 10, 2018. http://xn--encyclopdie-ibb.eu/index.php/science/1111734492-philosophie/975165967-PLATONISM. Mattes, Mark. "Martin Luther’s Theological Aesthetics." Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. Accessed November 14, 2018. http://religion.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-350. https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/1b222356a6ec0051c67360cc7577ffb1.pdf 227023114cdf3b6b74320241f2d00eab Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data paper Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 12 Articles of the Upper Swabian Peasants Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sebastian Lotzer Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Andrew Fitch Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1525 Description An account of the resource While Charles V may have been the Holy Roman Emperor in the 1500s, the German princes were nearly completely autonomous with regards to rule over their own holdings. This political structure left the peasants and serfs essentially no opportunity to protest decisions made by their princes nor improve their standing in society. Then in 1524, in light of new restrictions on hunting, increasing taxation, and new labor obligations, a peasant protest began that soon escalated into rebellion and war against their princes and local rulers (Wiesner-Hanks 178). As the rebellion grew, one peasant group published the document "The Twelve Articles of the Upper Swabian Peasants" which rapidly spread through Europe. This document, which lists the grievances and demands of the peasant army, was inspired by Luther’s ongoing protestant reformation. Despite not having Luther’s personal support in their revolution, the peasants claimed that the Protestant ideal of individual faith and the sola scriptura (scripture alone) supported their claims. Accordingly, nearly all of the peasants’ arguments made in "The Twelve Articles" stem from their interpretation of the Bible or their belief that their oppression lacks biblical justification (Baylor 21). Article three exemplifies this when it asserts that because Christ has already redeemed humanity that peasants cannot be the physical property of their lord. The peasants make similar arguments based on scripture against the practice of forced labor and restricting hunting regions (Article 4, 6). While the peasant armies saw victories early on, their revolution was doomed to fail. Over 100,000 peasants died, and the end result was more oppressive policy than before. However, contrary to common belief, the peasant army wasn’t a mob of pitchfork-wielding farmers aimlessly plundering the countryside but rather an organized military led by some men of experience that had its own political structure (Baylor 22). Should the peasants have been successful it would have meant a dramatic shift in the balance of power away from provincial officials to the local peasant communities. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived “Grievances and Demands – The 12 Articles of the Swabian Peasants (February 7-March 1, 1525)”, a document by Sebastian Lotzer. Translated by James Harvey Robinson. In From the Reformation to the 30 Years War (1500 1648), edited by Ranier A. Muller, volume 4. German History in Documents and Images, German Historical Institute, Washington, DC (http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/pdf/eng/Doc.52-ENG-12%20Articles_en.pdf). Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Used With Permission https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/69cc75230037c8e38619ce0872d9e830.jpg 7cec7ed8e175f63b0e8b7efb7f64c7f7 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Bound Book Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 30 cm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A book on the Eastern Travels of Marco Polo Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Marco Polo Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Juan Varela de Salamanca Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1518 Description An account of the resource During much of the period known as the Middle Ages, it has often been believed that Europeans focused inwards, foregoing a knowledge of the outside world in the harsh years of plague and religious intolerance. This misconception, however, greatly underestimates the importance of voyaging and trade during the late Middle Ages the and they ways in which they impacted the age of discoveries, led by the voyages of Italian Marco Polo, that was to follow in the early modern period. Prior to the Renaissance, trade routes crisscrossed much of the known world with merchants trading across ports in the Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean and even the South China Seas (Wiesner-Hanks, 241). These connections led to the strong international trade systems that characterized the early modern world, and the increased ability of Europe to facilitate much of this trade. The 1490s saw a rapid expansion in potential trade routes with Spain’s discovery of the Americas and Portugal’s rounding of the Cape of Good Hope. Not only did this open the entirely new realm of the New World for European exploration (and eventually exploitation), but also allowed Europeans to enter the Asian goods markets while cutting out the many middlemen that had previously been used for the long sea and land voyages that transported goods to Europe (Musgrave, 163). This is not to say that Europe had an equally important role in all trading areas during this period. While it is generally accepted that Europeans dominated commercial activity and trade in the Atlantic world, they were comparatively peripheral in the Asian markets and trade within the Indian Ocean until the 18th century (Wiesner-Hanks, 268). In Asia, merchants and companies directed trade, unlike governments in other parts of the world. This meant that the Europeans often had a weaker hand. This was compounded by the fact that Asia was characterized by very strong governments with sophisticated militaries that were often lacking in other parts of the world. Europeans also entered this market in a weaker position to trade. They were looking to trade in Asian luxury goods which were far superior to European manufactured goods during this time. Given this, and the fact that Europe had comparatively few natural resources, Europe was forced to pay for their goods in bullion imported from the Americas, which did not stimulate their economies in the way that traditional trade in goods might have (Musgrave, 169-172). All in all, despite the massive and rapid expansion in the realm of European trade, European domination was far less apparent than is commonly believed. In fact, it was not until the colonization of India and the partition of Africa in the 19th century that European economic preeminence in the world became firm. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Free Re-use https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/36ce2322ccfb741d43d19640d37ba23b.jpeg a293933e579e7eff8e95a9c58c94b510 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Description of the Genus Cinchona Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Aylmer Bourke Lambert Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jack Williams Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1797 Description An account of the resource According to stories the first discovery of “Jesuit’s bark,” or cinchona bark, occurred in the 17th century. As the story goes a large storm passed through a village in Peru, knocking a number of the branches into a pool of standing water. It happened that a fever addled villager was walking by, and seized with terrible thirst drank from the stagnant and bitter water. When his fever suddenly abated this discovery was shared with others, and the power of this bark to help relieve and cure malaria was shared with the world (Clements 87). It took over 100 years after cinchona bark’s initial discovery to be popularized outside of the Spain, but following its use in curing Charles II many authors and scientific groups began to popularize its use (Sydenham). This sparked a dramatic increase in global trade of cinchona bark and it quickly became one of the most valuable exports which came out of Peruvian colonies in the 18th century. Cinchona bark is an excellent way to examine the increase in global trade in this time period, as well as the economic decline of Spain. Cinchona was initially monopolized by the Spanish, but aggressive campaigns by the French, English and Dutch lead to bark plantations appearing on Caribbean colonies and in British controlled areas of India (Rocco 85). Following this lack of monopolization bark cultivation in Peru began to drop in favor of the declining silver mines, another influence in the reduction of Spain economically over the course of the 17th century (Wiesner-Hanks 233). The cultivation and widespread use of cinchona bark in the 17th century is not a matter of debate amongst historians however, it’s implications for the history of humoral medicine are a matter of debate for some historians. In Rebecca Earle’s book, The Body of the Conquistador, she argues that humoral ideas of medicine were a central concern for Spanish colonizers. In particular her argument focuses on the perceived need for Old World foods to maintain the balance of the Spanish body. This is in contrast to Fiammetta Rocco, whose book The Miraculous Fever Tree argues that trade in cinchona was a key activity for Spanish colonists. Cultivating a medical plant from the New World would seem to be in direct contradiction to Earle’s argument, however, the two points can be synthesized. Both authors are discussing the same geographical location, but focus on two very different time periods. Earle’s book focuses on early colonization, in the 15th and 16th centuries. Rocco on the other hand only begins her discussion at the middle of the 17th century following the discovery of cinchona by the Jesuits. With nearly a full century separating the two arguments, they do not directly contradict, but instead represent two interpretations of somewhat different evidence. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/11629/_HERBAR_BGBM_GERMANY_B__W_04033__01_0.html?q=cinchona Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource CC-BY-SA https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/1d49cff491993988c24946e6b849e6a7.jpg 627191fe6f22a23c9501496f0a51b608 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Painting Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 63.5 cm x 76.5 cm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Dutch East-Indiaman off Hoorn Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lorenzo a Castro Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Adam Smart Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource before 1686 Description An account of the resource <p><span style="font-weight:400;">This painting of a Dutch East Indiaman illustrates the prominence of the Dutch Republic in maritime trade throughout the 17th century. Dutch trade interests encompassed a large part of the globe during this time. In the European sphere, the Dutch shipped grain and timber from the Baltic, imported wool and other products from the Mediterranean (Israel 1995, 611), and imported raw metals from Scandinavia and other regions which were then manufactured into munitions such as cannons (Haley 43). Dutch industry flourished from the imports of these raw materials: shipbuilding, textile and linen manufacture, tobacco and sugar processing, and a variety of other industrial trades benefitted from the import and export economy of the Netherlands (Haley 44). European banking, investments, and financial exchanges were centered in Amsterdam as a result of this extensive maritime trade and industry (Haley 41). This trade activity contributed to increasing urbanization in Dutch society, with many rural people moving into the cities to participate in the growing trade economy (Haley 49).</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight:400;">Outside of Europe, conflicts between the Dutch and Portuguese trade empires allowed the Dutch to profit from sugar, gold, and other natural materials, as well as from slavery, in trade with Africa and Brazil (Blackburn 192). Two trade companies were key to trade in the Netherlands: the Dutch West India Company and the Dutch East India Company (or VOC). The Dutch East India company operated in South Africa, India, China, and Southeast Asia, and dominated the spice trade, while the West India Company operated in the New World and West Africa, and focused on trading sugar (Blackburn 187-188). Dutch trade interests, industry, and financial growth all worked together to make the Dutch Republic an economic powerhouse in the early modern period.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight:400;">Works Cited:</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight:400;">Blackburn, Robin, “The Dutch War for Brazil and Africa,” in </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">The Making of New World Slavery</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">, 185-215. New York: Verso, 1977.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight:400;">Haley, K.H.D., </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">The Dutch in the Seventeenth Century</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">, 38-64, London: Thames and Hudson, 1972.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight:400;">Israel, Jonathan, </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">The Dutch Republic</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995.</span></p> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_Castro,_Lorenzo_-_A_Dutch_East-Indiaman_off_Hoorn_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This item is in the Public Domain. https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/8bca363b4c1acdd5100d2bb19a1c1244.jpg de5dfe2d8fefff1b2be287ad6dcc87cf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cross Cultural Interaction and Early Modern European Art Description An account of the resource This collection examines the advancements in maritime trade and foreign contact and how this impacted art during Early Modern Europe. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rylyn Monahan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1500-1800 Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery Description An account of the resource This is a print from the original painting by Joseph Wright depicting a philosopher lecturing on the orrery, or mechanical model of the solar system, and intellectuals used them “as pedagogical devices used exclusively for demonstration” (Barker 31). Enamored by the relationship between light and dark, Wright mimics that contrast in his painting with an unidentifiable light source that illuminates the orrery while casting shadows on the philosopher and the children. This coincided with the scientific revolution and increased communication across Europe through the network of the Republic of Letters as well as characterized the Enlightenment period and its science scene. The various ages and sexes depicted in the painting also corresponds with the Enlightenment and specifically Locke ideas that human knowledge comes from sense experience, such as this visual representation that the children see in the lecture from the painting. Kant’s definition of Enlightenment and having the “courage to use your own understanding” demonstrates the increased resonance of the responsibility of individuals for their education, and interactive components of children’s education encouraged such a concept. This painting becomes emblematic of the communication and interaction of notable philosophers within Europe as opposed to just foreign communication with individual countries. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Joseph Wright, painter William Pether, printmaker Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://library.unimelb.edu.au/teachingobjects/objects/a-philosopher-giving-a-lecture-on-the-orrery-by-william-pether" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The University of Melbourne</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1768 (painting) Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Rylyn Monahan England Painting print Republic of Letters https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/86e7025d4b5359d7d5afe4f9e97f1aa6.jpg a35df2137f0d786b37cbb9c6c7ccc3d9 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Photo taken by Harrie Gielen of the inside of Saint Willibrord's Basilica Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image (1,880 × 2,816 pixels Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Photo of the Inside of Saint Willibrord's Basilica Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Harrie Gielen Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Teddy Wolfe Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 14 September 2009 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Gielen, Harrie. Nederlands: Koorkerk van de Sint-Willibrordusbasiliek Te Hulst. [object HTMLTableCellElement]. Own work. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Willibrordus_Hulst_01.jpg. Jonathan Israel, The Dutch Republic: its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806 (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1995), pp. 27-28. “Sint-Willibrordusbasiliek Saint Willibrord’s Basilica.” Wikipedia, n.d. https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=nl&sp=nmt4&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Willibrordusbasiliek&xid=17259,15700023,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhg7pTbaDBDCnyhRtV7CKP0606P0Sg#cite_note-2. “Netherlands Reformed Church | Dutch Protestant Denomination.” Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed October 20, 2018. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Netherlands-Reformed-Church. Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, "Politics and Power, 1600-1789" in Early Modern Europe, 1450-1789, (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 335 “Romaanse Architectuur Romanesque Architecture.” Wikipedia, n.d. https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=nl&sp=nmt4&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaanse_architectuur&xid=17259,15700023,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhiudeXQByCygtsAXC8hX98orgBiXQ. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource CC BY-SA 3.0 (Free to Share) Description An account of the resource Saint Wilibrord’s Basilica was built in Hulst, Netherlands sometime around 1200, before gradually being renovated and improved upon over the years (Wikipedia). The Basilica was originally Roman Catholic, with architecture in the Romanesque fashion. This style was especially prominent in France and Spain, and can be seen in the Basilica’s rounded interior arches and round arch stained-glass windows (Wikipedia). Then, in the late 15th century, the building underwent renovations from Everaert Spoorwater, one of the founding fathers of the Brabant Gothic movement. He innovated by refining the pillars, and adding a pointed arch found at the top of the structure (not seen in the photo) (Wikipedia). These architectural improvements predated the Eighty Years’ War, but signify, in part, the gradual move away from Spanish influence within the Netherlands— as they developed new styles independent of Spain. The Basilica would then further represent the shift as it moved from Roman Catholicism toward the Dutch Reformed Church by the end of the Eighty Years’ War. The Eighty Years’ War was heavily influenced by Spanish religious doctrine, as many in the Netherlands hated Spain’s attempts to create ecclesiastical hierarchies in their lands and disliked the Inquisition (Israel, 27-28). The people wanted greater control over their religion, an idea given to them in part through the Protestant Reformation that was sweeping throughout the lands around that time (Israel, 27-28). The Basilica represents this shift, both in architectural style and religion, and its gradual renovation demonstrates how new local ideas led to the Dutch revolting in 1568. Architecture Church Netherlands spain https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/db102e40d02a0c56c2555760cb53bbf4.jpeg 870dff5ada1112eab15fb7c89012f3f7 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Sketch Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image Unknown Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Trip to Russia under Tsar Peter I Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource G. L. Grove Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Diary by Vice Admiral J. Juel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1893 Description An account of the resource Without a doubt the most famous Tsar in Russian history, Peter I, or Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725) epitomized the transition of Russia into a ‘Europeanized’ power during the early 18th century. He was determined that Russia should gain international recognition among the great powers of Europe and worked to bring the culture and prestige he felt would lend greater credence to Russian superiority. He did this primarily through an attempt to bring Russia closer with Europe, particularly Western Europe. This is most clearly remembered in his erection of St. Petersburg as a grand European city on the Baltic. To research and promote this project, Peter traveled extensively in Europe and hired experts from major Western European cities into Russia to complete architectural and engineering plans for the grand city (Wiesner-Hanks, 357). Despite this level of imitation of Europe, Peter was not content with emulating the power and prestige of other European nations, he wanted to show Russian dominance and become a significant European leader. Peter, of course, already had significant resources at hand as the tsar of the largest European nation, and an enormous population of serfs, however, one point in which Russia consistently fell behind was in naval and maritime power. While this may seem ironic given the enormous length of the Russian coasts, Swedish dominance in the Baltic Sea and the strength of the Ottoman Empire in the Black Sea meant that Russia was often isolated from the rest of Europe (Wiesner-Hanks, 357). This circumstance gave Peter the impetus for a massive reorganization of the military, introducing conscription and the training of military officers to offer Russia a chance of defeating the disciplined Swedish military in the Baltic (Wiesner-Hanks, 357). Additionally, Peter was very interested in overseas colonies similar to those held by many Western European nations in the Americas and the East Indies. Shortly before his death, he sent Vitus Bering and Alexei Chirokov on a mission east to explore the potential for Russian expansion beyond the Kamchatka Peninsula. Because no European explorers had yet to explore the Northwest coast of the Americas, it was unknown what lay east of Russia. Indeed there were many rumors that Russia was in fact connected to the Americas through a land bridge, and Peter was interested in claiming this land for Russia. Setting off in 1724, Bering and Chirokov had to travel the length of Russia before constructing ships on the coast of Kamchatka. Despite sailing a good distance from the Russian coast (most historians estimate the voyage was so close to the Alaskan mainland that if the weather had been clearer they would have spotted it,) they returned to Russia without having found a path to the Americas. It was not until the second expedition in 1741 that Bering and Chirikov found land in the Americas with both spotting land in South-central and Southeast Alaska (respectively) within a day of one another. Despite Bering’s death on the return voyage, Russia laid claim to this new territory which offered a wealth of resources until they finally sold it to the United States in 1867. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The British Library Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Free Re-use https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/e8b7491fc57be6caa9a12cb719e1fff4.jpg 532199281a7eede85796aae894c444b0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Vindication of the Rights of Women Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mary Wollstonecraft Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Changlan Wang Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1792 Description An account of the resource In A Vindication of the Rights of the Women, written by Mary Wollstonecraft in 1792, Wollstonecraft responded to the thoughts of some education theorists who didn’t think women should receive proper education. She argued that by giving women proper education, and imparticuarly, educating them together with males starting at a young age, would allow them to reason and fulfile their peculiar duties (Wollstonecraft). Unless women are more educated and “Wollstonecraft responded to the thoughts of some education theorists who didn’t think women should receive proper education. She argued that by giving women proper education, and in particular, educating them together with males starting at a young age, would allow them to reason and fulfill their peculiar duties better (Wollstonecraft). Until women are more educated and “have more understanding, it is vain to expect them to possess domestic taste. Their lively senses will ever be at work to harden their hearts, and the emotions struck out of them will continue to be vivid and transitory, unless a proper education store their mind with knowledge” (Wollstonecraft.) Wollstonecraft also indicated that both sexes would benefit from the education that women received, since “after women being brought up with men, they are prepared to be their companions rather than their mistresses” and are more capable of carrying out their domestic duties. By permitting boys and girls to pursue the same studies together, “the graceful decencies might early be inculcated which produce modesty without those sexual distinctions that taint the mind” (Wollstonecraft). Wollstonecraft can be considered as a radical feminist during the Enlightenment. She rejected the gender role proposed by Rousseau and strongly promote the equality of men and women. However, because the larger social-historical context, such radical idea of coeducation would receive strong critiques and condemnation. She attempted to avoid this by compromising the education of girls after 9 years old to be separated from boys in the afternoon to be trained in “plain-work, mantua-making, millinery” (Wollstonecraft). However, it is undeniable that Wollstonecraft's theory contributed remarkably to the the rudimentary idea of gender equality in modern days. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Women, 1792. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Vindication1b.jpg. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain enlightenment Prominent Women https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/4a5d9c217f6eff377b347ab72169baee.jpg d226bed60c1a81c68c436c097ffdc5bf Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Etching Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Accused heretics standing before a tribunal of the Spanish Inquisition in Sevilla Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Edouard Moyse Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Elliot Cahn Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1481 Description An account of the resource Shortly after the publication of Martin Luther’s complaints against the Catholic Church in the early 16th century, Protestant religions rapidly spread across the European continent through printed documents as well as traveling preachers (Wiesner-Hanks 185). In many places, such as the Holy Roman Empire and France, the new alternative religions were able to spread due to favorable political climates (Wiesner-Hanks 185) and the growing discontentment with the Catholic clergy (Wiesner-Hanks 166). Spain is a notable exception in this era as Protestantism never managed to gain a foothold. Staunch defenders of Catholicism, the Spanish government had recently gained experience in extinguishing non-Catholic faiths across the country. The Spanish Inquisition, originally formed in the 1480s, was tasked with suppressing heretical beliefs, which included investigating claims that converted Jews and Muslims covertly practiced their former religion (Weisner-Hanks 111). When the Protestant Reformation reached Spain, the authorities already had an organization prepared to meet this new threat. The Inquisition utilized its censorship powers to stem the flow of Protestant literature into Spain and punish people found guilty of holding Protestant beliefs (Kinder 63-64). Although the Inquisition was designed to appear as a religiously motivated organization, it was controlled by the Spanish state instead of a religious authority, such as the pope (Weisner-Hanks 108). This enabled the Inquisition to targeting individuals for political reasons, sometime branding them as “Protestants” (Lynch 30). While the Spanish Inquisition was not the only factor responsible for preventing the spread of Protestantism in Spain, it certainly made a contribution (Kinder 62). The lasting affect of these institutions was to restrict the influence of other faiths on Spanish culture, which remains largely Catholic-centric. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/9200579/z9cghdjj.html?q=spanish+inquisition Kinder, A. Gordon. "Protestantism in Sixteenth-Century Spain." Mediterranean Studies 3 (1992): 61-70. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41166816. Lynch, J. "Philip II and the Papacy." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 11 (1961): 23-42. doi:10.2307/3678749. Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. Early Modern Europe, 1450-1789. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Free Re-use https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/89334af2781851dc243d7855b7e3fcbd.jpeg 3177eb4af6b8537d5ea3d671f745512d Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Adam Smith Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cassidy Bins Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1776 Description An account of the resource Adam Smith’s Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of Wealth of Nations, published in 1776, was an important milestone in the development of capitalism in early modern Europe. His publication advocated for free trade, open markets, and competition, which he argued were essential for a country’s economy to flourish (Wiesner-Hanks, 203). Beginning in the seventeenth century, England adopted “new crops and crop rotation schedules, altered patterns of landownership, selective breeding of stock and plants, and increases in the amount of land under cultivation” (Wiesner-Hanks, 456). As a result, its agricultural yield was higher and farming more efficient. Similar efficiency was also present in the Netherlands, where urbanization, as well as technological and agricultural changes, were ramping up (Wiesner-Hanks, 457). Economic efficiency did not increase in every country, but England and the Netherlands were leaders in increased output and utilization of resources. England’s expanding economy also reflected Adam Smith’s idea of specialization, in which certain groups of society made certain products or provided certain services for sale (Urban Achievement). Thus, Smith’s views represent a move away from subsistence farming to an increasingly specialized and interdependent economy. Capitalist ideas took root in America as well as in England. The sugar trade, in which England took part, ferried slaves across the Atlantic as a source of cheap labor; landowners in the New World exploited slave labor and the sugar plantations as demand for sugar rose in Europe, particularly in England (Moore). As trade became increasingly globalized, so did Smith’s free-market ideas. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photo: Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. University of Edinburgh. Jason W. Moore, “Sugar and the Expansion of the Early Modern World-Economy,” Review, Research Foundation of State University of New York, 2000. Urban Achievement in Early Modern Europe, ed. Patrick O’Brien. Cambridge University Press, 2001. Wiesner-Hanks, Merry. Early Modern Europe: 1450-1789. Cambridge University Press, 2013. Print. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Free re-use (CC BY 3.0).