9 12 202 https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/60f44843a3929fe7d4df7679093bb1a6.jpeg 348fdf46a326846b6a0aad56fabc9111 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Leviathan Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Thomas Hobbes Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1651 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. 1651. University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain Description An account of the resource In Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan, the influence of Italian political ideas is clearly evident throughout the book. Hobbes’s specifically parallels Machiavelli’s focus on the unity and security of a state in the Prince. This idea of state unity is very important in a political sense, because with stability a state is able to flourish and improve the life of its citizens. Hobbes was writing Leviathan during the Glorious Revolution (1688-1689), which was an especially brutal civil war. With the unending chaos, Hobbes was obligate discuss the impact state stability in a political mindset and Machiavelli circumstance and writings shared similarities to Hobbes’s own situation (ONBAŞI 31). In addition Machiavelli's influence on Hobbes’s stance on the stability of a state, he was also significant in developing Hobbes concern of a public political morality, rather than a private morality. Hobbes then transforms this idea about public political morality, by stating it is riddled by the instinct of human preservation (ONBAŞI 33). This lack of trust of the individual is a key component of Hobbes idea of contract between the residents of a state and the supreme authority (Wiesner Hanks 280). These political ideas revolutionized political thought across Europe and led to more political discourse about the relationship of the citizens with the ruler, which would prompt others to question political theories. These ideas were especially, because of the political legacy they left behind. Monarchs began initiating reforms such as religious freedom to varying degrees throughout Europe, such as France’s temporary tolerance of Protestants, which wasn’t very effective. In addition to this, monarchs began reforming laws and giving people more freedoms, and evening claiming to tax themselves. Through these political reforms, it clear that Hobbes’s political ideas, were influenced by Italian political thought. https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/e8ca23395bf3ff2b8e9b68eefe6c76a4.jpg fb4ad23264cfc522c4fd0009e5e83033 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Leviathan [or The Matter, Form and Power of a Common-Wealth Ecclesiastical and Civil] Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Thomas Hobbes Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1651 Description An account of the resource In Thomas Hobbes’s “Leviathan,” he draws out a widespread system of politics and governance based around the idea of a social contract between the public of a state and their sovereign or ruler. Hobbes argues for an absolute monarchy backed by strongly unified government. Leviathan is seen by historians as the earliest work of social contract theory, a major aspect of the development of political theory, especially in the enlightenment era that would ensue. The front-piece of the book displayed in the image grandly depicts a sovereign with a sword in one hand and a crosier in the other, a testament to the “absolute” or all-encompassing nature of the sovereigns rule. Additionally, the figure is built up of hundreds of small human figures, none of which have visible facial features, which represent the general population of the ruler’s state. These details reinforce the message behind the social contract which Hobbes discusses throughout Leviathan, specifically that the collective public of the state unconditionally support their monarch and in return the monarch rules effectively, promotes state welfare, and keeps the state secure and stable. Finally, Hobbes draws significantly from developments in the Scientific Revolution in articulating his argument. He forms his arguments in the manner of a geometric proof, building on each point using known truths in an effort to reach a final conclusion. Geometric themes are even present in the front-piece, which uses geometrically determined proportions and perspective. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ttitelblatt_1750_Leviathan_Thomas_Hobbs.jpg Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/5a0fa8da05a9da82edef2453750e95e9.jpg 2dcf9d9a7c770a809af18a76a8a963f9 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Locke's Two Treatises of Government Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource John Locke Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cassidy Bins Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, ed. Thomas Hollis (London: A. Millar et al., 1764). [Online] available from http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/222; accessed 10/21/2018; Internet. John Locke. “Two Treatises of Civil Government.” Online Library of Liberty, Liberty Fund. Web. (http://oll.libertyfund.org/pages/john-locke-two-treatises-1689) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1689 Description An account of the resource John Locke’s Two Treatises of Government reflect the anti-absolutist sentiments woven throughout England’s political fabric. He outlined the Law of Nature and how it granted each person the right to life, liberty, health, and property, maintaining that one owned a resource -- say, a certain plot of land -- if one put one’s labor into it (Locke). Locke’s views on private property were relevant in the New World as well as in the Old. In England, they sowed the seeds for discord as peasants became increasingly cognizant of ownership and complained to the nobles about taxation; in America, both the Puritan work ethic and the mindset that labor equaled ownership presented a unique problem for colonies, involving not just the rulers overseas but the Native Americans who had already established their own civilizations (Locke). Though Locke supported government over anarchy due to his belief that society was integral to maintaining order and keeping man’s inherent selfishness in check, he was a prominent proponent of social contract theory, which requires consent of both the ruler and the ruled for the contract to be validated (Locke). Moreover, he asserted the right of the ruled to overthrow their ruler when their rights were infringed upon (Locke). These ideas were essential to the philosophy underlying later revolutions, including the French Revolution. https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/fa450e3b59e318f65b0a9ff6eff2e027.jpg 858a79b927b508ba4bfc1b0d53170944 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Luther:Letters of Spiritual Council Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Martin Luther Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jack Williams Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1483-1546 Description An account of the resource Healing during the Early Modern period was very often the property of the church and of faith. Pilgrims would go on long journeys to the resting places of saints and other holy figures, in order to find any form of healing they could (Wiesner-Hanks 166). While Luther may have been vehemently against many Catholic practices, such as indulgences and other authoritarian actions of the pope, one letter found in this collection, written to the wife of an afflicted acquaintance shows that even through the reformation, faith still held a powerful sway over healing. Luther writes “These signs shall follow them that believe; they shall lay hands on the sick, and they shall recover.” (Luther 52) While he does show a change from previous doctrine, by allowing modern believers to enact healing, clearly, he is still of the opinion that faith can be responsible for healing. Another notable statement from Luther during this letter is that while faith is the answer he turns to, it is not his first response to hearing of this affliction. First, he suggests they turn to physicians, and that if “the physicians are at a loss…. It must, rather, be an affliction that comes from the devil.” (Luther 52) Luther’s writing in this letter also demonstrate the fatalistic nature of healing in the Renaissance period, this letter ends saying “In so far as we are able, we shall at the same time unite our… prayers and petitions to the Lord with yours,” even with the hope of a worldly cure, Luther and his contemporaries still believed healing to come from a heavenly figure, only possible with God’s intercession. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/07931/diglit_schroeckh1778.html?q=Martin+Luther Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource CC BY-SA https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/090dde0b7cd53a6c6119b027f139937f.jpeg 97d92e569a29546b9ec416628ab12abb Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Print engraving Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 387 mm x 520 mm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map of Flanders and Hainaut, 1555, Jacob Bos, after Gerardus Mercator, after Jacob van Deventer, 1555 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jacob Bos (printer) Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Adam Smart Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1555 Description An account of the resource This map of Flanders and Hainaut was constructed by Mercator following surveys by Jacob van Deventer. The above engraving is one of many engravings of this map, which became the standard map for the region. Historians have postulated that the depiction of the entire region of Flanders as unified was politically motivated, especially considering the anti-Spanish revolts in the city of Ghent which occurred during the map’s creation (Karrow 380). This situation reveals how maps reflect the view individuals had on their political situation. Historian Barbara E. Mundy examined the relationship between individual cityscapes (chorographic maps) and geographic maps in the early modern period. According to Mundy, this relationship “followed the fault lines between regionalism and nationalism [during the 16th century]” (Mundy 5). Maps were tools to reinforce a specific attitude about the power structures in Europe: individual cityscapes stressed the city as the location of power, while national maps attempted to create a picture of a broader, unified nation-state. Mercator and van Deventer were both mapmakers from the Low Countries. Mercator’s most famous contribution to mapmaking was his world map projection, which was published in 1569. The projection used on this map was most useful to sailors (Karrow 389), however it has since become popular (and criticized) outside of this context. Van Deventer’s works illustrate the duality of chorographic and geographic maps well. Earlier in his career, Van Deventer worked on projects which mapped wider regions and provinces in the Low Countries. In the latter part of van Deventer’s career, King Philip II of Spain hired him to create maps of cities in the Netherlands (Karrow 142). In van Deventer’s life the creation of both wider regional maps meant to inspire provincial unity and insular cityscapes which reinforced the independence of the city can be seen. Works Cited: Karrow, Robert W., Jr, Mapmakers of the Sixteenth Century and Their Maps. 142-158, 376-406. Speculum Orbis Press, 1993. Mundy, Barbara E., “Spain and the Imperial Ideology of Mapping,” The Mapping of New Spain: Indigenous Cartography and the Maps of the Relaciones Geográficas. 1-9. University of Chicago Press, 1996. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/90402/RP_P_BI_2756.html">https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/90402/RP_P_BI_2756.html</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This item is in the Public Domain. https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/ef2b8c95718882761c711c7031b7301c.png 0310ea202e015f920d7416cd67ad21c8 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Woodcut Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map of Silesia Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Martin Helwig Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Andrew Fitch Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1561 Description An account of the resource 16th century Europe saw the rise of the nation-state in many kingdoms. Monarchs across Europe sought to consolidate their power and develop large centralized institutions (Wiesner-Hanks 88). Additionally, New military technology led to an increase in the cost of war which also worked to shift the balance of power from nobles to monarchs because nobles could no longer afford to field a sizeable army (Wiesner-Hanks 95). However, despite the attempts of Charles V, the Holy Roman Empire never succeeded in establishing itself as a nation-state with a strong central government. While there were many factors at play that prevented the consolidation of the Holy Roman Empire, one important factor was the resistance of Northern German cities and regions. The cities’ and regions’ efforts to resist the Emperor and retain their autonomy can be seen in contemporary German maps. During the 16th century, maps were an important tool used by monarchs to inspire a sense of cohesion to the central government. There were two major types of European maps in the 16th Century: chorographic and geographic. Geographic maps showed the territory of a whole country. It makes sense then that these maps were often used as tools to promote a sense of loyalty to the central government as they portrayed a monarchs land as a single, continuous nation without the dividing lines of states or cities (Mundy 7). Chorographic maps, on the other hand, focused on displaying a particular region or city and were often more artistic in style. As a result, these maps inspired pride in one's local community since they depicted cities or regions as individual entities. Chorographic maps were especially significant with regards to the Holy Roman Empire because, at the same time Northern German regions and cities were resisting the Emperor, many chorographic maps were published in Germany. These maps, like the one above, became representative of the autonomy of many Northern German cities and regions (Mundy 5). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Helwig#/media/File:Helwig.png Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/c8bdf79887d6e3b267269d7647b15804.png feb957f3dc4099d3cf2612150b2bea3b Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Map Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 60.5 cm x 72 cm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map of the East Indies Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource James Rennel Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Thomas Jefferys Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1794 Description An account of the resource The beginning of the 18th century saw the final years of the Enlightenment and the beginning of a new era defined by colonial expansion. If maritime history during the early modern period was characterized by exploration and conquest, the 19th century was to be characterized by colonization. By the end of the early modern period, Europeans had already colonized most of the Americas, and had forts and trading posts all along the West Coast of Africa and throughout Southeast Asia (Wiesner-Hanks, 494). The following century would see the European takeover of India, Australia, and the partition of Africa that gave Europeans dominion over much of the world. Yet the end of the slave trade during this period and the liberal ideals of the Enlightenment seem an unusual environment for the growth in colonialism. If fact, this incongruity has led to a historiographical debate over the actions and intentions of progressive thinkers during the Enlightenment and the role that they played in the establishment and longevity of Empire. Jonathan Israel, a scholar of the Radical Enlightenment, for example, emphasizes racial motivation for European dominion throughout the world, stating that the moderate Enlightenment leaders “often inclined to theories of racial superiority and European...superiority in civilization and religion...This was the usual method of explaining and justifying colonial rule and economic control” (Wolloch, 354). This theory suggests that the liberal principles of equality and liberty that supposedly defined the end of the 18th century were simply ignored when it came to groups of racial “others” which allowed for the justification of colonization of non-white areas. There is, however, another camp of scholars who claim that Enlightenment leaders who supported colonialism did so from a rational (albeit highly Eurocentric) perspective. Historians such as Jennifer Pitts have argued that the support of colonial rule was not based on race, but rather on the theory that only through colonization Europeans could bring development and Enlightenment to non-European societies. These historians cite the works of John Stuart Mill who wrote in his Principles of Political Economy that “it may be said without exaggeration that the great extent and rapid increase of international trade,...is the great permanent security for the uninterrupted progress of the ideas, the institutions, and the character of the human race” (Wolloch, 355). Historians such as Pitts view these ideas of the Enlightenment as an effort to progress humanity albeit a very paternalistic endeavor. While I would agree with Israel that these arguments seem to have few redeeming qualities and it would be far easier to simply put these inconsistencies down to blatant racism, Pitts makes a compelling case. The idea of a paternal Europe guiding her colonies seems reminiscent of the concern of Enlightenment thinkers whenever they came to the topic of giving too much power to the poor or uneducated. They often adopted this philosophy of guidance for fear that others lacked a capacity for important decision making. They felt it behooved them to take a leading role until such time as others are capable of these responsibilities, which is evocative of their comments about the necessity of colonization. Regardless of the motivation of 18th century intellectual leaders, colonialism did come to define our modern concepts of race and to greatly exacerbate levels of racial inequality throughout the world (Wiesner-Hanks, 521). Hopes of assimilation held by men like Mill began to disappear when faced with the realities of Colonial life and the strengthened belief in the immutability of race (Wiesner-Hanks, 527). Instead, highly racialized systems of government were established that lasted throughout the colonial period. Remnants of these systems could be seen well into the 20th century in the form of Apartheid in South Africa and Segregation and Jim Crow laws in the United States. These forms of racial domination and European imperialism can trace their roots directly to the voyages and conquests of the early modern period, as Europe found a way to dominate the oceans and to create its version of a modern world. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Free Re-use https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/1f8db77c3b3e3af00410da7fd1ffc654.jpeg fe7f1042b477f9ce2d8d611dcabd6240 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Marco Polo - Portrait | Severin Worm-Petersen Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource [Unknown] Photograph by Severin Worm-Petersen Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Zach Irvin Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1477 Description An account of the resource First published in Nuremberg in 1477, this woodcut portrait of Marco Polo describes the famous Venetian merchant as a “Great Traveller” and a discoverer of the “Great Wonders of the World”. Polo’s extensive travels to Asia in the late 13th century demonstrated the true scope of Europe’s emerging merchant capitalist model, marking the beginning of a global economic order and ushering in the “Age of Discovery” that accelerated a new era of globalization. Venice and other coastal cities quickly became bustling cultural centers, facilitating the rapid movement of wealth and intellectual discourse that characterized the changing social and political landscape of early modern Europe. With the distribution of his famous travelogue Book of the Marvels of the World, Polo continued to be a popular figure in Europe nearly two centuries after his death. As humanist thinking continued to dominate scholarly spheres, Marco Polo’s ambitious travels embodied the values of exploration and discovery, and expanded the European imagination to new and uncharted lands. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Unknown. Marco Polo - Portrait, 1477. Woodcut, Norsk Teknisk Museum. <a href="https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/2022608/NTM_NTM_UWP_07987.html?q=marco+polo">https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/2022608/NTM_NTM_UWP_07987.html?q=marco+polo</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource CC BY Free Re-use https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/b810a6584c72c88cea4793807c47d4ae.jpg ab0c010aa7aeb733eb01b029ca47b43e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Marekerk in Leiden, Netherlands Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Architect: Arent van 's-Gravesande Engraving: Frederik de Wit Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Maddie Gartland Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Work began in 1639 and it was completed in 1649. Engraving: around 1698 Description An account of the resource The Marekerk in Leiden is an exceptionally interesting study in how values can impact design when it comes to functional buildings, like churches. This is one of several Lutheran churches built in this style in the Netherlands, where Protestantism crescendoed in popularity from the Reformation onward. The Marekerk is a "round" church, an architectural style which diverges substantially from the traditional European church template, with a cruciform ground plan (that is, a long nave with a transept crossing through, meaning the church is shaped like a cross). This sort of symbolic architecture is given up in the round church in favor of practicality. The structure becomes octagonal, with the pulpit and altar in one corner and thus much closer to the congregation at large than it would be with a long, rectangular nave. In addition, there's little ornamentation in this church, complying with the Protestant aversion to religious iconography (Rehn Wolfman). The building is still impressive, though, emphasizing the primacy of religion above all else; it was the tallest building in the Leiden skyline for a long while, and is thus visible from far away with its attractive dome and clocktower. It's also situated on the convergence of two canals, overlooking the water and allowing for easy access. Though this church was built much later than the events of the Protestant Reformation, it is an early example of a church built as a Lutheran church (rather than adapted from an older Catholic church into a Protestant one) with the expectation of a large congregation. Both of these factors influenced the design (De Marekerk). Protestant services were very different from Catholic ones; while most Catholic services were still performed in Latin, Protestant worship was almost always in the vernacular, the goal of which being that the congregation could understand everything that was being said. It was important, then, that they could hear it. This is the main reason for the round church's shape: with the congregation situated around the priest and the altar, almost like an amphitheater, it would be much easier for a large number of people to hear and engage with the scripture readings and the homily. As a city church, the Marekerk also had to find an effective way to make sure that a large congregation could be accommodated without jeopardizing their proximity to (and potential understanding of) the service. While the circular space helped with this, it also provided for favorable acoustics, allowing the sound of the priest's voice to travel farther and more evenly than it would in the odd corridors of a traditional cruciform church. Leiden's Marekerk is thus a very interesting study in the way targeted design achieves ideal functionality. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Atlas_de_Wit_1698-pl017b-Leiden_-_Marekerk.jpg "De Marekerk (The Marekerk)." Marekerk. Accessed September 24, 2018. http://www.marekerk.nl/gebouw/de-marekerk/ Rehn Wolfman, Ursula. "Martin Luther and the Impact of the Reformation on Art, Architecture, and Music" last modified November 12, 2017. http://www.interlude.hk/front/martin-luther-impact-reformation-architecture-art-music/ Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain; free re-use https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/473a5e6718a3c4fa3f73a43089cce02f.jpg 7d38d1adbc172d4def53d067112f75e2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Martin Luther, On The Freedom of a Christian (1520) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Martin Luther Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Susannah Ottaway Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1520 - Early Lutheran Reformation Description An account of the resource There has been substantial debate over the past 500 years over whether Martin Luther’s doctrine – and the Protestant Reformation as a whole – should be seen as a move towards a more egalitarian society. Should we see Luther’s Reformation as a movement towards the valuing of the individual and away from the social inequalities that were so very evident in the Renaissance era? For these questions, I have selected two of Luther’s publications: The Freedom of a Christian and The Admonition to Peace. The two items selected here to represent social inequality in the Reformation era give us two windows through which to view this question. Luther’s 1520 publication The Freedom of a Christian is often seen as one of his clearest early statements in the doctrine of salvation by faith alone, but it is also a reflection of the consistent priority that Luther put on service to one’s neighbor. Thus, in the first place, the document claims that “the soul needs only the Word of God for its life and righteousness, so it is justified by faith alone and not any works.” This is an exceptionally clear articulation of Luther’s belief that only through faith in the gospel can the Christian gain heaven in the afterlife. At the same time, The Freedom of a Christian also states that as long as a person “lives in the flesh” that person is “compelled to do many good works.” A good Christian knows that their hearts and souls must make a leap of faith in the trinity (God, Christ the son of God, and the Holy Spirit), but their physical selves on earth must work to serve their neighbors as well. (A similar interpretation of The Freedom of a Christian is in Wiesner-Hanks, 171). This text supports a view of Luther’s theology as empowering of the individual: any individual is capable of “justification” in the Lord. At the same time, the text shows that all good Christians will seek to make the physical world around them a better place, and so individuals are obliged to help those who are in need. We can see the ways in which such views could be (and were) used to underpin new systems of poor relief. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived "About the liberty of Christian man" by Martin Luther. Printed by Jörg Nadler, Nuremberg, 1520 (Austrian National Library, Sign. *35.R.181) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons License: 9. Текст доступен по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike; в отдельных случаях могут действовать дополнительные условия. Подробнее см. Условия использования. Wikipedia® — зарегистрированный товарный знак некоммерческой организации Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/92b533c3ce2f3c4d297f133009bca309.jpeg c3a0fa5000f9a4571b4abc56eed28b08 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Oil on canvas Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 448 x 301 cm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Martirio de San Mauricio Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource El Greco Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Elliot Cahn Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1580-1582 Description An account of the resource Despite being born in Crete, Doménikos Theotokópoulos is perhaps the most recognizable Spanish painter from the 16th century. Known as El Greco, the artist moved from Venetian Greece to Venice itself to study sometime between the ages of 19 and 25, becoming a student of Titian. Eventually, El Greco moved to Rome, where he became acquainted with the work of previous masters such as Michelangelo and Raphael (Braham 307). During his time in Italy, El Greco became acquainted with prominent humanist intellectuals. After he relocated to Spain, El Greco became friends with numerous Spanish humanists and maintained a personal collection of works inspiring to humanists (Wethey). A major focus of humanist painters was the beauty of the human form (Cast 416). El Greco provides a fascinating contrast between the medieval and Renaissance humanist methods of painting as he grew up as a medieval-style painter on Crete but rapidly transformed his form when he arrived in Italy to mimic the work of Renaissance icons. His approach took another turn around the time he left for Spain, which is the style El Greco is most associated with. Human figures in his paintings maintained the glorified muscular form similar to that of Michelangelo, but with a height no longer proportional to their width, resulting in tall, skinny, occasionally blurry figures that communicated a certain divinity. El Greco was a devout Catholic and believed in the importance of man as a spiritual being, something which he emphasized in his religious work. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/2058612/object_maeyaert_19061999.html?q=el+greco+martirio+de Braham, Allan. "Two Notes on El Greco and Michelangelo." The Burlington Magazine 108, no. 759 (1966): 307-10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/874984. Cast, David. "HUMANISM AND ART." In Renaissance Humanism, Volume 3: Foundations, Forms, and Legacy, edited by Rabil Albert, 412-49. PHILADELPHIA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv512qm8.16. Wethey, Harold E. "El Greco." Encyclopædia Britannica. May 30, 2018. Accessed November 16, 2018. https://www.britannica.com/biography/El-Greco. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Limited Re-use https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/d0b5ff27069914e671db82a89bf5bb6d.jpg a5fe04666565bb8eb7f356bd5522e71d Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mary Wollstonecraft Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cassidy Bins Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1792 Description An account of the resource The mainstream Enlightenment may have put an emphasis on individual liberties and free thought, but these ideas rarely extended to “second class” members of early modern European society, including women. Mary Wollstonecraft, a feminist philosopher and writer active during the Enlightenment, published this book as “the first explicit call for political rights to be extended to the female half of the population” (Wiesner-Hanks, 8). Part of what is considered the “radical Enlightenment,” Wollstonecraft’s work specifically advocated for the education and acceptance of women into “men’s” society. During the Enlightenment, women exercised their voices as writers and salon owners, but their role continued to be confined to the sphere of the home, where philosophers like Rousseau asserted such maternal personalities were necessary. Wollstonecraft’s ideas interacted with Locke’s, bringing forth the conflict between two reigning ideas of the mainstream Enlightenment: one, that reason was innate, and two, that women were inferior. Wollstonecraft’s publication as well as her role in society set the stage for future feminist writers and politicians. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photo: Wikimedia Commons Wiesner-Hanks, Merry. Early Modern Europe: 1450-1789. Cambridge University Press, 2013. Print.