7 12 202 https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/cc4a1b3ff036f1fc1232512769af4042.jpg d57424d15d69cc9d02a30a0cb253d507 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Woodcut Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image Unknown Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Rundetaarn Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Photograph: Laurids de Thurah Architect: Unknown (Danish) Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Brendan Glenn Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Finished 1642 Description An account of the resource The Rundetaarn, whose name is Danish for “Round Tower,” is a remarkable piece of Early Modern architecture. This is not due to the technologies used to build it (which were standard for the time), nor its actual design (which is utilitarian and, frankly, somewhat dull), but instead the result of the fact that the Rundetaarn looms over Copenhagen as a symbol of the ways in which science, in this case astronomy, was increasingly valued by Early Modern leaders both secular and religious as a vital, or at least valuable, part of running their various domains. The Rundetaarn is a cylindrical tower attached to Copenhagen’s Trinitatis Church, built to serve as an astronomical observatory for the nearby University of Copenhagen (and to replace Uraniborg, the observatory complex of Tycho Brahe, after it was destroyed following the renowned astronomer’s fall from royal favor). The tower structure is built mostly of brick, stands about 136 feet in height, and is capped with an open platform surrounded by a fence on which astronomers would have been able to set up their various measuring devices without need to worry about buildings or trees impeding their view of the stars (Rundetaarn, Short History of the Tower). The areas of the tower not directly connected to the church are set with rows of Gothic-style windows arranged in columns of seven, and an arched cornice which contains smaller windows sits beneath the rim of the observation deck. The interior of the Rundetaarn is taken up mostly by a large ramp capable of allowing a horse-drawn carriage access to the top of the tower (Rundetaarn, Short History of the Tower). Aside from this remarkable detail, though, the Rundetaarn is an architecturally uninteresting building which takes its cues not from contemporary Baroque or Northern Renaissance architecture but instead the architecture of the Late Medieval period. It could be argued that this was a deliberate choice, a counter-balancing of the new discoveries astronomy promised with the tradition of the past, or it could be that, since this was a building constructed to be useful, its Gothic aesthetic served to render it visually palatable with a minimum of elaboration. This latter explanation seems likelier when one considers that Denmark, as a Protestant country, would have valued the use value of a structure over pointless ornateness. Why, though, would the king of Denmark finance such a structure, and why attach it to a church? The answer lies in the very pragmatism referenced above. The Rundetaarn, though certainly an expensive and impressive building project, was first and foremost conceived of as a tool. It was, of course, a tool for scientists to observe the cosmos, but it was also a tool for Denmark’s political leadership. Allowing carriage access to the top would have been useful for carrying equipment, but it’s hard not to see that this was also a way for the kings of Denmark to lay claim to their version of the Rundetaarn-as-tool, its usefulness as a dedicated research institute which would bring prestige to the nation and provide its rulers with new, and potentially useful, knowledge. When the king rides his carriage up to your workplace using a staircase designed for that explicit purpose, you gain a pretty clear idea of the attitude he wants you to have towards him (i.e. one of respect and deference), and of the fact that the information you produce with your research had better be valuable to him. Similarly, the fact that the Rundetaarn was built as part of a church is a reflection of the fact that religious authority over science, and especially astronomy, was probably of particular concern during the era when the Rundetaarn was built. It’s likely that part of the reason for melding Christianity and science together (literally) by making the church and observation structures contiguous was the hope that doing so might avoid another Galilean catastrophe of ideological rebellion, reducing the cultural danger the Rundetaarn posed to the unity of Denmark. The function of the Rundetaarn was therefore to provide the benefits of a specialized astronomical research post to the Danish crown while ensuring that the astronomers working there posed no danger either to the monarchs they served or the Church whose cultural power their research might threaten. It is, in other words, a perfect encapsulation of the promises of and anxieties around natural philosophy and/or the nascent idea of “science” in the Early Modern period. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hafnia_Hodierna_Tab_XC_Rundetaarn.jpg Rundetaarn, Short History of the Tower, 2018. http://www.rundetaarn.dk/en/the-tower/facts/ Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain; free re-use https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/04b9bdb846050dd63f0e1a45bc450562.jpg 215cb9c351914d36e6c27d589127816c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Portrait of The Honourable Robert Boyle (1627 - 1691) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Frederic Kerseboom Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Zach Irvin Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1689 Description An account of the resource Released in 1689, this engraving of Robert Boyle (1627-1691) presents a portrait of one of the great natural philosophers of the Scientific Revolution. Widely considered to be the first modern chemist, Boyle contributed to the understanding of air pressure and vacuums as he and Robert Hooke developed the famous air pump during their time in Oxford. Boyle is to be understood as one member of a growing academy of natural philosophers of 16th and 17th century Europe. Their work, now understood to be the arrival of modern science, produced a body of knowledge that radically transformed the understanding of the natural world and one’s place within it. With it came new technological inventions that were direct applications of this new knowledge. Though rudimentary, these inventions would become the building blocks for the development of industry in Europe, putting nations on a trajectory for an increasingly integrated economic landscape that is characterized by trade and manufacturing. In fact, it was Boyle's contributions to fluid dynamics that paved the way for James Watts and the invention of steam engine a century later (Thurston, 446). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Frederic Kerseboom. Portrait of The Honourable Robert Boyle (1627 - 1691). Engraving, Wellcome Collection. <a href="https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/9200579/zbnmngaj.html?q=Portrait+of+The+Honourable+Robert+Boyle">https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/9200579/zbnmngaj.html?q=Portrait+of+The+Honourable+Robert+Boyle</a> <br /><br />Thurston, Robert H. History of the Growth of the Steam-Engine. Project Gutenberg, 2011. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Free Use CC BY https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/65f71f11b51129be8926d42f31494371.jpg 8ee44924342767ca24b487e48682458c Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Painting Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Early Anatomical Theater of Leiden University Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Johannes Woudanus (Painting) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Early 17th Century Description An account of the resource The drawing is a visual representation of the Leiden Anatomical Theater in Leiden, Netherlands. In 1597, Dutch professor Petrus put the anatomical theater into permanent use. Anatomical theaters of universities are regarded as one of the symbols of the Scientific Revolution in Europe. At the time, delving deep into understanding the human body and making sense of it was a novel concept. The move towards exploration got many individuals in the scientific communities interested and excited. In the Leiden Anatomy Theater, the dissections were carried out on the corpses of criminals and the dissection itself was regarded as a ceremony. Music accompanied the dissections and the room was covered with perfume smell ("The Anatomical..."). In these institues, mostly learned men and other members of the public would gather and discuss new ideas and theories about the human anatomy by physically experimenting and observing the human body. Dissections were carried out in public to give birth to new questions and find experimental evidence to make room for new arguments. Views on the Galenic theories and the humoral system were slowly changing and being challenged as new information and evidence came to light. The importance of blood and other bodily fluids were slowly being understood and realized ("The Anatomical..."). References: "HIS291: Leiden Anatomy Theater." Princeton University. Accessed November 18, 2018. https://www.princeton.edu/. "The Anatomical Theatre." The Kunst Kamera Museum of St. Petersburg. Accessed November 18, 2018. http://www.kunstkamera.ru/en/museum/kunst_hist/kunstkamera_building/4_3/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_theatre#/media/File:Anatomical_theatre_Leiden.jpg Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaan Taskintuna https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/f483070e4a83edc8f1759dab9e5c6f04.jpeg 9be27ddcb385a31e7fbfacc2677c1fbe Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pope Julius III (formerly entitled Pope Paul III) | Sicciolante, Girolamo Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource J.W.E. vom Rath Bequest Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Pope Julius III short reign (1550-1555) as pope, would result in the development of the Catholic Reformation. Early in his leadership of the church, he faced the “infectious” spread of protestantism as well as corruption of religious orders (Wiesner Hanks 187). which he tried his best to fix. In order to combat these troubles he continued the tactics of Pope Paul III, “he appointed reform minded cardinals, abbots, and bishops who improved education for the clergy, tried to enforce moral standards among them” while also repermanding significant abuses (Wiesner Hanks 187). In addition to this change of leadership, he continued The Council of Trent (1545-1563) where new debates about the dogma of Communion as well as plans for new reformation decrees (Kirsch). Many royal delegations attended the council, including King Ferdinand and Henry II of France, which shows how important it was to state rulers. Protestants were also promised safe passage to the council, so they could participate and possibly reconcile with the church (Kirsch). Pope Julius III work with reforming the Catholic church contributed to the greater Catholic Reformation, which was trying to resolve problems pointed out both by the Protestants, but also to address religious controversies or deeply domatic subjects. This trend of Popes trying to reform the Catholic church, emphasizes the deeply political nature of church, but also the time period. These reforms would have a tremendous impact on the political stability of Europe, by energizing Catholics and creating a tremendous amount of infrastructure, which would transform the lives of the common man in the early modern time period (Wiesner Hanks 192). It also emphasizes the deep political impact the Protestant Reformation had on Europe to elicit such a massive response from the church. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1550-1600 Description An account of the resource The painting uses oil paint applied on canvas. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Bequest, J. Pope Julius III (formerly Entitled Pope Paul III) | Sicciolante, Girolamo. 1550-1600. Rijksmuseum, Netherlands. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/e3bbb567ae162c21b234ab254b8f7b1f.png 701775853a601e646806f108042cb431 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Noli Me Tangre Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hans Holbien the Younger Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Astrid Steiner-Manning Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1526-28 Description An account of the resource This painting by Han Holbein the Younger is titled "Noli me Tangere" and is an example of art from the Protestant Reformation period. The period was characterized by a change in art in both Catholic and Protestant regions, though the change in Northern Europe was more noticeable. There was also variation in the art produced by different types of Protestants because different sects had radically different views of how art related to religion. Luther and his follows believed that art was an essential part of religion and that it should evolve, but not be eliminated, At the same time in other groups there was a wave of iconoclasm, the destruction of religious imagery. Many pieces of Catholic art, from altering pieces and stain-glass windows, were destroyed by Protestants or hidden by people sympathetic to the Catholic cause. Reform leaders of the Calvinist tradition pushed for the removal of all art from religious spaces and were especially hostile to large paintings and sculptures. More specifically, Protestants disproved of art that depicted religious subjects from the Bible and relating to Mary and other saints. Instead, prints and book illustrations that could be spread widely, religious scenes that included landscapes, and images of moral-based lives were preferred. Paintings were still done in churches, but often put in less prominent places, and the subject matter was sometimes changed. For example, in Protestant churches, the image put by the altar was more likely to depict the last supper than the crucifixion, as was popular in Catholic churches. This painting by Hans Holbein the Younger depicts Mary Magdalen's reaction to Christ’s resurrection. The phrase Noli me Tangre means “Don’t touch me” in Latin, and is what Jesus told Mary when she saw him. This painting is characteristic of a Protestant work during this period because it is a smaller scope, and is naturalistic in style. The artist also seems to have tried to avoid explicit references to iconic images by painting the halo very vaguely. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.flickr.com/photos/marupress/40483548545/in/photolist-24FoLyi-7Cn43M-24Km2rM-kYXAW-qvEv1Q-5PmS5v-5DjX8B-qzKydw-c4kLob-pic5rg-aNDy5R-jsMVaw-5bgz2K-9wETPf-6f5Nxw-74Ma7j-uHQJR-qtgudG-6J2FTh-26ubYcj-qU2eTS-ipbZb3-m1zBDK-dACcEr-qLcWd8-2aJULxX-qPmYkJ-rYhHdH-ot1hf8-23RZcJU-Fp3cZi-2GZXYB-5nYdx1-7opRUv-T2MXAt-HUQffk-36zvB4-26HmCQY-HT4mqd-7ZPQ7H-deCTiJ-8ax4P1-ao9Vut-a3EhBU-6isDRc-b6UR1P-qp64VW-7b7Ked-cEnjgN-bFnccV Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/d7d1ba43c4f2cd8dffe0e714244cc22a.jpg f84b4bd42e936184e3dd6208928d6903 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Engraving of Queen Elizabeth I, William Cecil and Sir Francis Walsingham Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource William Faithorne Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Changlan Wang Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1655 Description An account of the resource This picture depicts Queen Elizabeth I sitting in the middle, Willim Cecil and Sir Francis Walsingham, two major secretaries of Elizabeth, sitting on her side. William Cecil, who is sitting on her left, is a major figure to help her carry out the Elizabethan Big Science projects and review the petitions. During Queen Elizabeth I’s reign, England experienced great transformation “financially, militarily and geopolitically by investing in science and technology” (Harkness, 143). One significant systematic change was the “governmental and industrial patronage of science and technology that led to big budgets, big staffs, big machines, and big laboratories,” which is now described as Elizabethan “Big Science” (Harkness, 143). The motivation of such huge amount of investment includes the development of highly utilitarian technologies, for example, mining and alchemy techniques, glass making and salt manufacturing industries and maritime technologies, so that England would be able to equip itself with more secured trade routes and armed forces and increased the economic profit that came alongside with prosperous industries. Another reason for such investment was largely to promote understanding and exploration, which might be accompanied by exploitation, of the New World. This move was largely influenced by the European colonization after the Spanish Conquest of the New World. Elizabeth, as the second women monarch in England history, through the promotion of Big Science, planted the seed of the larger Scientific Revolution and encouraged new inventions to improve technological advancement and productivity. Though the system eventually collapsed because of defects of the patent system and financial crisis, and London technicians and investors were mainly committed to private profits instead of public profits, the urban sensitivity (Harkness, 180). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Faithorne, William. Queen Elizabeth I; Sir Francis Walsingham; William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley. William Faithorne. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Queen_Elizabeth_I%3B_Sir_Francis_Walsingham%3B_William_Cecil%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley_by_William_Faithorne_%282%29.jpg. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain England Prominent Women Scientific Revolution https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/db102e40d02a0c56c2555760cb53bbf4.jpeg 870dff5ada1112eab15fb7c89012f3f7 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Sketch Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image Unknown Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Trip to Russia under Tsar Peter I Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource G. L. Grove Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Diary by Vice Admiral J. Juel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1893 Description An account of the resource Without a doubt the most famous Tsar in Russian history, Peter I, or Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725) epitomized the transition of Russia into a ‘Europeanized’ power during the early 18th century. He was determined that Russia should gain international recognition among the great powers of Europe and worked to bring the culture and prestige he felt would lend greater credence to Russian superiority. He did this primarily through an attempt to bring Russia closer with Europe, particularly Western Europe. This is most clearly remembered in his erection of St. Petersburg as a grand European city on the Baltic. To research and promote this project, Peter traveled extensively in Europe and hired experts from major Western European cities into Russia to complete architectural and engineering plans for the grand city (Wiesner-Hanks, 357). Despite this level of imitation of Europe, Peter was not content with emulating the power and prestige of other European nations, he wanted to show Russian dominance and become a significant European leader. Peter, of course, already had significant resources at hand as the tsar of the largest European nation, and an enormous population of serfs, however, one point in which Russia consistently fell behind was in naval and maritime power. While this may seem ironic given the enormous length of the Russian coasts, Swedish dominance in the Baltic Sea and the strength of the Ottoman Empire in the Black Sea meant that Russia was often isolated from the rest of Europe (Wiesner-Hanks, 357). This circumstance gave Peter the impetus for a massive reorganization of the military, introducing conscription and the training of military officers to offer Russia a chance of defeating the disciplined Swedish military in the Baltic (Wiesner-Hanks, 357). Additionally, Peter was very interested in overseas colonies similar to those held by many Western European nations in the Americas and the East Indies. Shortly before his death, he sent Vitus Bering and Alexei Chirokov on a mission east to explore the potential for Russian expansion beyond the Kamchatka Peninsula. Because no European explorers had yet to explore the Northwest coast of the Americas, it was unknown what lay east of Russia. Indeed there were many rumors that Russia was in fact connected to the Americas through a land bridge, and Peter was interested in claiming this land for Russia. Setting off in 1724, Bering and Chirokov had to travel the length of Russia before constructing ships on the coast of Kamchatka. Despite sailing a good distance from the Russian coast (most historians estimate the voyage was so close to the Alaskan mainland that if the weather had been clearer they would have spotted it,) they returned to Russia without having found a path to the Americas. It was not until the second expedition in 1741 that Bering and Chirikov found land in the Americas with both spotting land in South-central and Southeast Alaska (respectively) within a day of one another. Despite Bering’s death on the return voyage, Russia laid claim to this new territory which offered a wealth of resources until they finally sold it to the United States in 1867. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The British Library Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Free Re-use https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/d0ac7cca5ce04f67a19cc3ab147a33d3.jpg 35254106f74f6a5ff0dd424cfb758dff Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Isabella I. of Castile, Queen of Castile and León, with her husband Ferdinand II of Aragon. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Changlan Wang Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 15th century Description An account of the resource In the fifteenth century, Castile was the largest kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula. And the marriage of Queen Isabella I of Castille and King Ferdinand II of Aragon signified the union of two crowns as well as the power expansion of Castille. Isabella, as a woman in power, was significantly respected and critical to the Spanish Conquest later. In King Ferdinand’s Marriage Concessions in the 1469, for example, he consistently emphasized his recognition of Isabella’s power and his willingness to follow and respect her decisions. In one concession, he wrote that “I will not relinquish or give away any city, town, or fortress of these kingdoms … or anything else belonging to the royal Crown without the consent and will of Her Highness the princes” (Cowans, 8). Another concession like “All the privileges, letters, and other documents that shall be written, drawn up, or sent, by her or by me, must be signed jointly by both of us” also points out the importance of mutual agreement. Even though such marriage of state may seem to undermine women’s rights to marry freely, at the same time, it also brought Isabella to tremendous political benefit and power. The union of Isabella and Ferdinand created a mighty power in the Iberian Peninsula. By implementing the Inquisition, they reestablished the uniformity in Catholic faith in their reign. They were also able to establish colonialization in America and built up their global power by sponsoring Christopher Columbus’s voyage to the New World in 1492 which brought immense influence in Europe. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Unknown. Isabella I. of Castile, Queen of Castile and León, with Her Husband Ferdinand II of Aragon. 15th century. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/IsabellaofCastile05.jpg. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain Castile Inquisition Prominent Women https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/e805b64f24549481aa8f573cf74b80e7.jpeg d7fa3063ea3e7accbf1027d8a4156b5f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Medieval Coin Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Papal States Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1469 Description An account of the resource This coin was a common currency for the Papal states during the mid to late 15th century. Politically currency was important to the Papal States so they could continue to hold sway over the italian city states and rest of Europe. However between 1300s-1600s, it is clear Italy is the poster child of child of economic decline, which needs to be seen through a political lens. Italian city-states, such as Florence were dependent on agriculture as well as luxury industry, which primarily dealt with high quality textiles (Lachmann 354). It was partly due to the fact that Italian textiles were costlier to produce in comparison to Britain (Hanlon 205). In addition, the shift to trading in the Atlantic dried up many of the city states main consumers leaving them with a much smaller number of potential consumers. Ironically, the Italian city-states were at the height of their power regarding there influence in trading with their neighbors. Once the Atlantic began, Italian city states suffered a massive decrease in there trading profits. Economic developments in the Italian city states, were grounded, by the inability of the political elite to create political policies, that could reform their economic system and help them survive economic disasters. The economic hardships Italian, such as Florence, faced, were due to mainly political reasons. In Florence, it was mainly due to the consolidation of economic power under the Medici’s and the “continuing power of guilds that supported the ruling elites” (Lachmann 357). The political policies adopted by Italian city states had an adverse effect on Italy’s economic growth in the early modern period. Economic developments in the Italian city states, were grounded, by the inability of the political elite to create political policies, that could reform their economic system and help them survive economic disasters. The economic hardships Italian, such as Florence, faced, were due to mainly political reasons. In Florence, it was mainly due to the consolidation of economic power under the Medici’s and the “continuing power of guilds that supported the ruling elites” (Lachmann 357). The political policies adopted by Italian city states had an adverse effect on Italy’s economic growth in the early modern period. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Papal States. MEDIEVAL COIN. 1464. A Papal States Coin, Papal States Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/72d2a2d502f9189905c6e4318397c216.jpg f6fd971625efbedf10f12caff1117787 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flint gun with battery lock Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1650 Description An account of the resource The development of Pistols, such as the one shown above. Was a significant technological change over the course of the Early Modern Period. Pistols were a sign of political prestige’s, which was how nobles distinguished themselves on the battlefield. It was also a used as a way for the nobility to “both use gunpowder and yet stay above the infantry - figuratively and in actual combat” (Wiesner Hanks 93). Political and military tacticians such as Machiavelli wrote about military strategies before the development of these arms, which would play a significant role in developing new military strategy. This advancement of firearms led to “troops on foot became the heart of early modern armies” (Wiesner Hanks 92). Because of this heavy reliance on infantry soldiers and the advancement of deadlier weapons, wars resulted in heavy casualties and lasted for longer periods of time, which expended more resources. It is because of the advancement of military weapons, that battle deaths began to exceed previous numbers and even reach 1,251,000 deaths in the War of Spanish Succession (Lynn). The advancement of technology during the Scientific Revolution, such a pistoles was a vital part of the early modern period and influenced the desire of technological development. Firearms created a unique political environment, where commanders had to reinvent new tactics, because previous military would not be as effective against Musketeers. In addition to diminished role of cavalry, there was an increase of combat mortality among political leaders, due to the increased effectiveness of the weaponry. This instilled fear in the nobility, which caused many leaders to be reluctant to enter a battle and instead played a more supportive tatican role. Because of their lesser role, “monarchs also hired professional military contractors”, which they employed instead of their citizens (Wiesner Hanks 95). With the development of military technology, political leaders played a diminishing role in engagements of combat. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Rijksmuseum. Flint Gun with Battery Lock. 16550. Flint gun with battery lock, Netherlands. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/c36a9b97bd1f2d16ee0033b0ec77a6e2.jpg ada91a522bd6613c05d16a116769b764 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Tomb of Pope Julius II Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Michelangelo Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Matthew Walsh Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1505-1545 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Image by Erik Drost, available <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/edrost88/6995025663/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Free reuse (CC BY 2.0) with <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">link to license</a> here. Description An account of the resource This large architectural project took Michelangelo and many assistants four decades to complete from the date of its commissioning. In fact, it was completed in a radically different form than originally envisioned over thirty years after its original patron died. This piece is an example of the challenges of being a Renaissance artist as described by Vasari, such as fickle, ever-changing patrons; Michelangelo and Pope Julius II fell out repeatedly (Wiesner-Hanks, 154). The Tomb of Julius II is also an excellent example of the power and prestige that came with the papacy during the sixteenth century, being commissioned by the same pontiff who ordered the painting of the Sistine Chapel and the reconstruction of St. Peter’s Basilica. Julius II was the last pre-Reformation pope. He is particularly known for his patronage of the arts, but the papacy throughout this period was a major financier of artistic endeavors by famous artisans like Michelangelo. Of course the temporal interests of the popes of this time extended beyond sculpture. Julius II has earned the moniker “Warrior Pope” for his constant campaigning as ruler of the lands of the Papal States. Revenues from these lands helped fund massive artistic endeavors such as the Tomb, although as Vasari often points out, payment by important persons like Julius II could often be greatly delayed making it to the artists (Vasari, np). https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/e4c09d9abcce4f5d1fd38c53a850fabf.jpg 0a11add5b5690b5d070e5ea5639adf4a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Exsurge Domine Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pope Leo X Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Matthew Walsh Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1520 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <em>Bulla Decimi Leonis, contra errores Martini Lutheri et sequacium. (Cum prefatione et glossis Ulrici de Hutten)</em>, from Österreichische Nationalbibliothek,<br /><br />Original image available <a href="http://digital.onb.ac.at/OnbViewer/viewer.faces?doc=ABO_%2BZ183482404" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource No Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Only, original license available <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-NC/1.0/?language=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here.</a> Description An account of the resource <p><span>Almost three years after Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses set off a religious wildfire, Pope Leo X issued this papal bull, named after the first two words in the Latin text, “Arise, O Lord.” The document lists forty-one purported errors of Luther. Many of them concern the doctrines of purgatory and indulgences, but the bull also defends the Catholic doctrines of the divine institution of the papacy, the morality of burning heretics, and others (Wiesner-Hanks, 168-169). </span></p> <p><span></span></p> <p><span>Pope Leo X ordered that all of Luther’s works be burned, and he forbade Catholics from reading or owning any of them. He also ordered Luther to come and recant his heretical beliefs within sixty days, or be excommunicated from the Catholic Church. Luther did not do so, and in response to the bull he issued several new writings denouncing the papacy as the Antichrist (whether the Antichrist label applies to the individual holding the papal office or the institution has been a source of intra-Lutheran dissension since; see for example statements by the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod <a href="https://www.lcms.org/about/beliefs/faqs/lcms-views#pope" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>, and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod <a href="https://wels.net/about-wels/what-we-believe/doctrinal-statements/antichrist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>, which also expound on Luther’s views on the subject). Two months after he received a copy of Exsurge Domine Martin Luther publicly burned it and other church documents.</span></p> <p><span></span></p> <p><span>This papal bull shows the inherent spiritual role of the papacy as the center of authority in Catholicism. In relation to the Reformation period specifically it shows the doctrines that came under debate due to Luther’s challenge, and the fierce way in which the Catholic hierarchy responded to the German monk’s criticism. However, the bull ultimately did little if anything to slow down the speed of the Reformation that was sweeping across much of Germany.</span></p>