7 12 202 https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/29e83ca9ec5df201836e8d08524952a2.jpg fd7aa5be2b6b6cf838d3e3ae9943bb4f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Historia de la composicion del cuerpo humano Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Juan Valverde de Amusco Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jack Williams Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1556 Description An account of the resource This manuscript was an anatomical manual drawn by Juan Valverde de Amusco, a Spaniard born in 1525. Very few of the images were Valverde’s originals, only 4 of 42, but all were corrected to create a more accurate image of the dissected human body (WDL). All the images are striking in their particular artistry, the most famous of which being a model showing human muscle holding his own skin in his hand. What makes this book particularly interesting is the context in which it is created, that of Spanish humoral medicine. In early renaissance Spain the idea of humoral medicine was prominent. People were believed to have certain humors in their body which defined their personality and health. Humors could change due to a variety of circumstances such as food, weather, and sleep, and an overbalance of humors was the cause of most illness and other physical hardship (Earle 26-27). What makes this book astounding then is its accuracy in drawings of the brain, eye, and larynx, as it sits situated in a world of superstitious medicine. The world of Renaissance medicine exists in a peculiar blend of science and superstition. On the one hand, doctors and learned people from all levels of society truly believed that to fix a fever, bleeding or a diet of sugar or other foods was necessary. On the other hand, however, they performed dissections and investigations that revealed a complex, and detailed understanding of the human physiology. This book is an excellent example of this era of medicine, as it shows the more detailed and analytical side of Renaissance medicine, that may be more easily missed if only an investigation of humoral medicine is taken. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/historicalanatomies/valverde_home.html Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Publlic Domain https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/cce3ed9a5a9e4653297c64ae00b2f18b.jpeg cf3ea4d15ec9fce26510100b7443a448 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Illustration of the Brevísima of de Las Casas Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Joos van Winghe and Theodor de Bry Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Elliot Cahn Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1552 Description An account of the resource One of the key parts of the Spanish economy in the New World following its conquest was the use of indigenous labor. This system was termed the encomienda system. One of the loudest voices against this system was Bartolomé de las Casas, a former slave owner and Dominican friar. He repeatedly lobbied the Spanish crown to improve the treatment of the indigenous population in the Americas, achieving only modest success. The striking image above depicts Spanish atrocities inspired by Las Casas’ accounts. Las Casas’ positions were certainly controversial, which led to a famous debate at the royal court at Valladolid against scholar Juan Ginés de Sepúlvida, who supported the form Spanish rule was taking. He argued that the Spanish, with their “gifts of prudence, intelligence, magnanimity, temperance, humanity, and religion” (Cowans 60) ought to continue the war and enslavement of indigenous Americans, who he views as barbarians. Spanish colonization, according to Sepúlvida, was fulfilling the mission to convert Americans from “impious servants of the demons into Christians and worshippers of the true God” (Cowans 63). Las Casas believed that the encomienda system was evil and responsible for horrifying atrocities committed against the New World population, noting, “the devil could invent no greater pestilence to destroy that whole world” (Cowans 67). He thought the natives should receive more favorable treatment from a religious standpoint because they had not been introduced to Christianity prior to the Spanish arrival. To Las Casas, the Spanish conquest, in promoting Christianity and Christian values, should benefit the indigenous population more than the colonizers. Clearly, murdering and overworking the inhabitants was counterproductive to advancing the Spanish religious mission. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:De_Bry_1c.JPG Las Casas, Bartolomé de, “Thirty Propositions (1552)” in Early Modern Spain: A Documentary History, ed. Jon Cowans. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. Sepúlveda, Juan Ginés de, “Just War in the Indies (ca. 1547)” in Early Modern Spain: A Documentary History, ed. Jon Cowans. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Free Re-use https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/ff198c8528489e573f989e28abcd9c02.png 042a754be0f9550857fdac1203ae01c5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Illustration of the University of Wittenberg Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 19th Century Description An account of the resource This is an illustration of a building at the University of Wittenberg, which was founded in 1502 by Frederick the Wise, a powerful elector in the Holy Roman Empire (“Wittenberg”). Like many universities, it was created from a pre-existing monastery. The University of Wittenberg in particular helps demonstrate the impact of education on Early Modern Europe. It was made famous by one of its teachers, Martin Luther, who had studied briefly at the university only to return a few years later (Roper 63). Luther was an educated man, familiar with religious dogma from his time as a monk but well-read from his studies outside the monastery. He was awarded a doctorate in October 1512, which Lyndal Roper writes gave Luther “a public persona” and allowed him to integrate with the intellectuals in Wittenberg (72). A few centuries ago, this could never have happened—Luther would not have a doctorate, would not have as extensive an education, and there would be no universities for him to study or teach at. The opportunity to interact with his intellectual peers and further cement his religious philosophy doubtlessly facilitated Luther’s ability to argue and support his later religious claims. This position also gave him security, access to an Elector, and a base of operations. The university became a site where young men could come to learn from Luther and his colleagues, and to then go out into the world and spread those ideas further. Without the power that education offered, the Protestant Reformation would have looked very different. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Benjamin Wightman Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wittenberg_Universit%C3%A4t_18xx.jpg https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/37de022dcfea74d7f32af54ee93f68f2.jpg 5437e8494381e7868a843394fda6889f Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Illustration of Westminster Abbey Description An account of the resource Before beginning the discussion of education in Early Modern Europe, Medieval education should be examined. There was institutionalized education before the development of universities, but it took a very different form. In medieval Europe, the power and onus of education lay entirely in the hands of the church. The vast majority of the people who were literate in the early Middle Ages were members of the clergy, who were trained in basic Latin. Literacy and the breadth of education began to improve towards the end of the era, but it was still entirely under the wing of the Church. Monasteries like Westminster Abbey became centers of cultural and educational life. Noble families would send their children to monasteries for the purpose of obtaining an education (Wiesner-Hanks 35). Westminster Abbey itself has since become much more than a simple monastery, but it was founded c. 960 C.E. by Benedictine monks (“History of Westminster Abbey”). The monastery was expanded several times in the following centuries by English kings. By the 16th century, parishes began to take over as the main arm of education for religious institutions, establishing schools for local children and spreading basic literacy to a wider population (Wiesner-Hanks 130). Many monasteries found themselves converted into universities, offering a more rigorous mode of education for those who wished to pursue it. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Thomas Malton Jr. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1739 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Benjamin Wightman Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Westminster_AbbeyMalton1793.jpg https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/fecb9c9dd6d029e53e11ddd61f53a27b.jpeg e27935057666071f0573637cdd0f2d02 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Image of La Mère Angélique, 1662 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pieter van Schuppen (1627-1702) Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Matthew Walsh Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1662 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <em>Portret van Marie Angelique Arnauld, Pieter van Schuppen, naar Philippe de Champaigne, 1662</em>, from Rijksmuseum. Original image <a href="https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/collectie/RP-P-1885-A-9476" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain, with full license <a href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>. Description An account of the resource Pictured in this engraving is Marie Angélique Arnauld, who served as abbess of the Abbey of Port-Royal near Paris. She was a leading proponent of Jansenism, a theological movement in seventeenth century France. It emphasized the reading of Scripture by the laity, personal virtue, and Calvinist ideas on predestination and free will. In this engraving, the Latin text on the book appears to be a translation of Matthew 6:33: “But seek ye first the kingdom of God, and his righteousness; and all these things shall be added unto you.” The Jansenists disputed fiercely with the French Jesuits, who enjoyed royal patronage. Pope Innocent X condemned several specific teachings in 1653 in his bull Cum occasione, and later popes renewed their attacks on Jansenist teachings, ending in 1713 with Clement XI’s Unigenitus, which issued a comprehensive repudiation of Jansenist principles (Wiesner-Hanks, 416-417). Jansenism offers a specific example of dissenting movements within the Catholic Church and the authority the papacy brought to bear in condemning the movement reinforces the heft popes possessed in spiritual matters. Jansenism was not an “Enlightenment” movement, but it is also an interesting case study in considering the dispute between historian Jonathan Israel, who sees the Radical Enlightenment as truly embodying the popular notions of the Enlightenment, and others like Nathaniel Wolloch who contend the mainstream Enlightenment’s influence cannot be discounted. Jansenism’s inherent skepticism of papal authority in the Church was never extinguished from the Church in France, and Louis XIV drew on this principle in later decades as he fought for Gallican ecclesiastical autonomy from Rome. This small example illustrates the influence more moderate strains of thought can have on intellectual movements. https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/b95a7d5886e4cf7b7636c064034477ce.jpeg 5e5cf8cc195fd65c140e4430a033e98e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Images of Saint Ignatius of Loyola and Pope Paul III Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Juan de Mesa (1583-1627) Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Matthew Walsh Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1610 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <em>Sterfbed van Ignatius, Karel van Mallery, naar Juan de Mesa, 1610</em>, from Rijksmuseum. Original image <a href="https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/collectie/RP-P-1963-290" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain, with full license available <a href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here.</a> Description An account of the resource Spanish artist Juan de Mesa created this print in 1610, and it features three images from the life and death of Saint Ignatius of Loyola as part of a larger series on the life of Ignatius. Ignatius experienced a deeply spiritual conversion experience while convalescing from wounds sustained in war with the French. He is most well-remembered for the foundation of the Society of Jesus, the Jesuits, whose members have come to be described as “God’s soldiers.” In addition to standard vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, the Jesuits required a special promise of obedience to the pope, thus establishing the order as one of the fiercest defenders of the Catholic Church and the most diligent in spreading the faith in places near and far (Wiesner-Hanks, 256). In the upper right corner of this print is the scene of Ignatius receiving papal approval for the Society from Pope Paul III in 1540. As the Council of Trent and ensuing Catholic Reformation picked up steam in the coming years the Jesuits came to be heavily associated with the papacy as they sent priests covertly into Anglican England and evangelized in faraway nations like Japan. This image demonstrates the centrality of the papacy in the Catholic faith which emerged after the Reformation, as well as the zeal the various popes had for spreading Catholicism and their authority far and wide across the globe. He is most well-remembered for the foundation of the Society of Jesus, the Jesuits, whose members have come to be described as “God’s soldiers.” In addition to standard vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, the Jesuits required a special promise of obedience to the pope, thus establishing the order as one of the fiercest defenders of the Catholic Church and the most diligent in spreading the faith in places near and far. In the upper right corner of this print is the scene of Ignatius receiving papal approval for the Society from Pope Paul III in 1540. As the Council of Trent and ensuing Catholic Reformation picked up steam in the coming years the Jesuits came to be heavily associated with the papacy as they sent priests covertly into Anglican England and evangelized in faraway nations like Japan. This image demonstrates the centrality of the papacy in the Catholic faith which emerged after the Reformation, as well as the zeal the various popes had for spreading Catholicism and their authority far and wide across the globe. https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/c41757dbb920aac7e390cf833aa8e4e6.jpg 595bb4987aea92e1986fdc050ec47441 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Images of the Plague in Rome, 1656 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Matthew Walsh Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 1656 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <em>Episodes in the plague in Rome of 1656. Etching</em>, from Wellcome Collection. Original image <a href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/uqzjdac7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Free reuse (CC BY 4.0), with full license available <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>. Description An account of the resource Created sometime around the plague outbreak, this set of engravings show the suffering and response of Roman authorities to the spread of disease through the city in 1656. Rome, like the rest of Italy, underwent steep population and economic decline in the seventeenth century, driven in large part by multiple outbreaks of the plague. Although it proved more resilient than many of the cities of Italy, these scenes make clear the disease wreaked havoc in Rome (Alfani, np). Rome served as the center of the Papal States, the sprawling territory controlled directly by the pope, and the example of plague shows that the papacy, in its earthly role, was forced to confront the economic stagnation and decline that faced the whole of Italy (Hanlon, 208-209). The symbols of Christendom are present throughout the engravings, and although specific characters are difficult to discern, there are surely clerics walking the streets, carrying out their spiritual and sacramental duties. The Bishop of Rome confronted such outbreaks as the head of one branch of Christendom, but he confronted the seventeenth century’s economic and social upheaval not only as a pan-European leader, but as an Italian head of state. If there is any doubt of the Early Modern papacy’s implicit connection to the Italian peninsula, it should be remembered that when the Dutch Adrian VI died in 1523 it would be 455 years until a non-Italian sat on the Chair of Saint Peter. https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/967bccaa37820b2d252f3a4d7c2ff5b4.pdf b2ed75cb117d0523ece0e2775d7aa17c Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data pdf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Introduction Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Andrew Fitch Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Andrew Fitch Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/18/2018 Description An account of the resource An introduction to the collection "Politics and Power in the Holy Roman Empire" https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/bdb570da42fbc4eb9aa8f508fc33b3f6.pdf 433cd70895f9556a875ae7f20c6b6e89 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data pdf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Introduction Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource McLain Sidmore Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/18/2018 Description An account of the resource An Introduction to "Maritime History in Early Modern Europe (1492-1807)." https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/307e08516e859123e04925e3efe6714b.pdf 3b6a1aad4e669b9b2ee0238237fd1ea2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Introduction Essay Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cassidy Bins https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/5243684edc708116043ed4cf3a2585a5.pdf d74c3629e6c708de9054223672c72066 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Introduction to Development of Education in Early Modern Europe Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Benjamin Wightman Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Benjamin Wightman Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/dfc10ea7a47cd1f9fc4e53a68bd4e1fe.pdf 38e2eb7d29bde77e924278146935d2db Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Introduction to Early Modern Medicine Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jack Williams