6 12 202 https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/00b16f122aec4678abced62bbf02300b.jpg 6507f8c141f97c0a71c3f3a11c1cb3ed Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Francis Bacon's The Advancement of Learning Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Francis Bacon Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cassidy Bins Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1605 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Francis_Bacon_Advancement_of_Learning_1674.jpg) Wiesner-Hanks, Merry. Early Modern Europe: 1450-1789. Cambridge University Press, 2013. Print. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain. Description An account of the resource Francis Bacon was a natural philosopher from England who introduced the scientific method through two publications, The Advancement of Learning and Novum Organum. To him, the basis of natural philosophy could be found in observation (Wiesner-Hanks, 374). His scientific method involved the formulation of a hypothesis, multiple tests, and the establishment of a conclusion that would then be repeatedly tested. Bacon’s life and work demonstrate the nonlinear development of science during the Scientific Revolution. Bacon was still a champion of alchemy, and many of his colleagues thought as he did. However, the shift from alchemy to chemistry came gradually, as “by the eighteenth century, those who experimented on the natural world tended to define forces or substances they could not see in material rather than spiritual or mystical terms” (Wiesner-Hanks, 375). Certainly, while Bacon’s alchemical ideas did not stand the test of time, his scientific method did. One common theme of the Scientific Revolution was the idea that science could be used to benefit society, and thus deserved funding directly from the monarchy. Bacon took this stance, as did Antoine Lavoisier, a chemist who performed many of his experiments on topics he thought would better serve the populace, such as agriculture and the military (Wiesner-Hanks, 375). In this way, the underpinnings of Bacon’s literature developed throughout the late 1700s, and natural philosophy made way for science as we understand it with the further development of the scientific method. https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/ca728440a63d686c3cb5fda46b0452c4.jpg ce14a9441293ea6dc33c7ff4836a0d9f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Francis Drake's Letter to Queen Elizabeth Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Francis Drake Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cassidy Bins Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photo: UK National Archives (http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/elizabeth-monarchy/sir-francis-drake-to-elizabeth/) Drake, Francis. Letter. Received by Queen Elizabeth I, 8 Aug. 1588. "Francis Drake." The Ages of Exploration. Accessed October 05, 2018. https://exploration.marinersmuseum.org/subject/francis-drake/ Wiesner-Hanks, Merry. Early Modern Europe: 1450-1789. Cambridge University Press, 2013. Print. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright clearance for publication is not required, except in the case of documents in third-party copyright. Description An account of the resource Francis Drake was a prominent English privateer and naval commander under Queen Elizabeth I, favored for his notable skirmishes against the Spanish Armada and his 1580 circumnavigation of the globe. In this letter to Elizabeth, Drake describes his most recent victory against Spain, crediting a large storm for the destruction of much of Spain’s forces and referring to himself and his men as “your Majestie’s force" (Drake). Drake’s deferment to Queen Elizabeth reflects the system of patronage present in monarch-privateer relationships, wherein privateers (in essence, English pirates) plundered for the crown (Wiesner-Hanks, 269). As the race to claim land, labor, and other resources in the Americas intensified, these relationships -- in line with the trend toward centralization that had seized many European monarchies -- became more common. For example, Genoese explorer Christopher Columbus secured funding from Queen Isabella of Spain before setting sail for the Indies, parts of which he would later claim for Spain. Drake was not Elizabeth’s only privateer. England’s attempts to intercept Spanish forces were representative of the larger competitive aspect to conquest and colonization of the New World. For the most part, the English ignored the “Tordesillas line” put in place by the pope in order to divide the Americas to Spain’s and Portugal’s advantages, instead claiming land for their kingdom as they came across it (Wiesner-Hanks, 252). Drake’s defeat of the Spanish Armada, in particular, helped give rise to a superior English navy and increased opportunities for England to exert its influence in the New World. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1588 https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/f77b4dd050ef7cdbdab7343351eab3e1.jpg fe23cc122782b4319eb1af7699b0ce93 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Painting Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image Height: 51.5 cm Width: 62 cm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Frederick the Great Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Anton Graff Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Andrew Fitch Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1781 Description An account of the resource The War of Austrian Succession established the dualism of Prussia and Austria which would characterize the empire until its collapse in 1806. At the end of the 30 years war in 1648 very few Germans likely would have been able to predict Prussia’s rise. Brandenburg (the principal holding of the Hohenzollern family) was devastated by the war and the Hapsburgs had been relatively unchallenged with regards to both their emperorship and their power for generations (Wiesner-Hanks 351). Prussia was only able to turn its fortunes around thanks to a series of strategic rulers, starting with Frederick William, the “Great Elector”. Frederick William, (ruled 1640 - 1688) and his grandson (also named Frederick William, 1713 - 1740) used absolute policies to build a huge and highly trained army (Wiesner-Hanks 352). However, it was Frederick II “the Great” (ruled 1740 - 1786) who truly established Prussia as a powerful contender in both the Holy Roman Empire and Europe as a whole. Frederick II, pictured in the self-portrait above, achieved a great reputation as a military leader and greatly expanded Prussia’s power and size. Over the course of his reign, he increased the size of Prussia’s army from about 83,000 to over 190,000 (Anderson). He put this massive army to use as well, as evident when he seized Silesia from Austria during the war of Austrian Succession. His prowess is again evident in his ability to ward off France, Austria, and Russia in the seven years war (Wiesner-Hanks 352). In addition to being a military genius, Frederick II is also famous for being one of the principal “enlightened rulers” in Europe during the 18th century. Frederick II’s prominence as an enlightened ruler is perhaps most evident in the words of Immanuel Kant who, in his work What is Enlightenment, directly correlated Frederick the Great with the Enlightenment when he said, “This is the age of enlightenment and the century of Frederick [the Great]“ (Kant 207). Frederick’s particular style of ruling is often viewed through the lens of enlightened despotism, in which Frederick still had near absolute power but also had many policies that could be viewed as enlightened. One of his most famous policies was his religious toleration, which helped bolster the population of Prussia and increase the size of his army as Jewish and Huguenot exiles moved to Prussia (Anderson). His role as an enlightened ruler is also evident in his abolishment of judicial torture and his attempts to establish a universal primary education system in Prussia (Anderson). Frederick’s many accomplishments would only cause a greater rivalry between Prussia and Austria. This resulted in increased conflict and division within the Holy Roman Empire, further diminishing any chance at the possibility of a unified Germany (Anderson). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Friedrich_der_Gro%C3%9Fe_(1781_or_1786)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/62f0f4fec2327202ce695431ecd6d5be.jpg 75ba4d44c2c85e4f45a5b6feeadf8cc6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Freilassungsbrief des Johann Hermann Weymann Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Clamor Adolph Theodor von dem Bussche Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Zach Irvin Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1762 Description An account of the resource Signed by Clamor Adolph Theodor von dem Bussche, this letter legally granted the emancipation of a German serf named Johann Hermann Weymann in 1762. In one notable line, von dem Bussche proclaimed “freyheit; urkundlich meiner eigenhändigen”, or “freedom; documented by my own hand”. To peasants such as Weymann, this freedom signified economic mobility and protection from oppressive feudal obligations. Despite centuries of revolts and abolition movements, serfdom remained an entrenched facet of rural life in central and eastern Europe well into the eighteenth century. Such an institution posed a serious problem to Enlightenment thinkers, whose ideas of personal liberty and self-determination stood in stark contrast to the realities of feudalism. In an attack on serfdom in Franche-Comité, Voltaire demanded ”the complete abolition of this last trace of barbarous centuries” (O’Rourke, 424). However, attributing the changes in rural life to the Enlightenment is a very urban-centric approach that, in many ways, discounts the dramatic land reforms and developments of the rural economy. Indeed, peasants participating in this “agricultural enlightenment” would fundamentally transform the rural landscape for centuries to come. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <p><span style="font-weight:400;">O’Rourke, Shane. </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">The Emancipation of the Serfs in Europe</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">. In David Etlis. </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">The Cambridge World History of Slavery </span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011).<br /><br /></span></p> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Freilassungsbrief_Weymann.jpg">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Freilassungsbrief_Weymann.jpg</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license CC https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/bd7f682c3f662e1223d7bf2f0dd81564.jpeg 61ce343a961e9de9a6e976b1b07e304f Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Print Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 145 mm x 200 mm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front of the Alhambra in Granada Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Friedrich Salathé Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Elliot Cahn Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Between 1839-1841 Description An account of the resource Among the concessions made by Ferdinand of Aragon as part of his marriage to Isabella of Castile, which began the unification process of Spain, was a clause obligating the united kingdoms to wage war on the Muslim Moors in the south, who were identified as enemies of the Church (Cowans 9). On the surface, this was a religious crusade led by two hardened Catholic monarchs. Beyond this aspect, however, the war against the Moors and the subsequent expulsion of Muslims and Jews served political purposes as well. The success of the Spanish monarchy inspired, at least publicly, Pope Alexander VI to cede to Spain the right to appoint bishops and retain church revenue, which provided the government with an economic boost (Wiesner-Hanks 112). After the Reconquista and conversions of some of the Moors, the Spanish Inquisition became an even more prominent part of Spanish society as it was now tasked with investigating accusations of heresy involving Muslim converts, called Moriscos (Wiesner-Hanks 111). While the Reconquista and later efforts to expel Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula left Spain as an almost entirely Catholic nation, prominent Moorish architecture, such as mosques and palaces, remained (in many cases, they were given Catholic or monarchical functions). The last Islamic stronghold to fall to the united kingdoms of Castile and Aragon was the Alhambra of Granada (pictured above), which surrendered after month siege on January 2, 1492. The Alhambra, which is a combination of an elaborate palace and a fortress, is renowned for the impressive artistry of its interior as well as its extensive gardens. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/90402/RP_F_2001_7_1540_12.html King Ferdinand, “Marriage Concessions (1469)” in Early Modern Spain: A Documentary History, ed. Jon Cowans. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. Early Modern Europe, 1450-1789. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Free Re-use https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/dd1023bab95bf144c9635e12a3d98d1c.jpg 23fe0594f1f54ccb09e708b00ac6edd1 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Frontispiece of <em>De Cive</em> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jean Matheus Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Benjamin Wightman Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1642 Description An account of the resource Here we have the frontispiece, or illustration facing the title page, of Thomas Hobbes’s <em>De Cive</em>, commonly translated as “<em>On the citizen</em>.” I have chosen this work as illustrative of the general trends in philosophical writings of the time that contributed to the furthering of education. In his essay “Artisans and the New Science of Politics in Early Modern Europe” Luis R. Corteguera writes that “central to Hobbes’s project of a new civil science was the idea that wisdom can be acquired ‘by contemplating things as they are in themselves’” (602). Truly understanding what something is sounds like the goal of science in the modern day, but was that how people in the 17th century thought of science? Paolo Rossi summarizes Sir Francis Bacon’s, a contemporary of Hobbes, concept of science as “things as they really are, […] not in relation to man but in relation to the universe” (Corteguera 602). This statement supports the idea that Hobbes’s suggested route to acquiring wisdom is practicing the study of science. Scientific practices were becoming integrated into society as a method of acquiring wisdom—which is the purpose of education—through these writings. The fact that Hobbes and Bacon were both heavily involved in what we today would call the “hard sciences” also demonstrates that scientific thought and methods had clearly spread throughout the intellectual community in this time. Hobbes and others are communicating this idea of scientific thought and education to others throughout Europe through their writings, slowly propagating the idea of a modern science-based education. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hobbes_de_cive.jpg https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/990de832bf633f49d08808e2272cd550.jpeg b5f8c139b2205d40bb1a653485712b16 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource German Thaler Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource [Unknown] Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Zach Irvin Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1761 Description An account of the resource The thaler, a coin widely used throughout Europe since the 16th century, was considered by many to be a standard currency of the era. This particular silver coin, however, was minted in 1761 in northern Germany near the end of its popularity. The death of the thaler was indicative of the much broader economic developments throughout the 18th century. The German economy experienced especially dramatic changes throughout the 17th and 18th century. The aftermath of the Thirty Years War left the economy uniquely volatile to the wider disruptions felt throughout Europe in this "Age of Crisis". Commerce throughout this period became quite stagnant as a result of unstable price signals and depleted resources. These failures of price signals and subsequent inflation required an entirely new approach to monetary policy. The role of the state, therefore, became a central consideration of this era. Perhaps the war was most felt in the German countryside where "a survey in the abbey of Ottobeuren found only 133 horses and 181 cattle in 1636, compared to 2,094 and 6,607 respectively 16 years earlier" (Wilson, 801). The state's role, therefore, was in part a response to the destruction experienced by rural communities and the demands of the struggling German farmer. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived German Thaler, 1761. Vänersborgs Museum. <a href="https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/916106/vbg_object_VM25362.html?q=German+Thaler">https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/916106/vbg_object_VM25362.html?q=German+Thaler</a><br /><br />Wilson, Peter H. Europe's Tragedy: A New History of the Thirty Years War. Penguin UK, 2009. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Free Use CC BY https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/2c7c50a5822c42bfe0d9e1934d8bc21d.jpeg c5b03af01f6eb028dc299ac22a8888cb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gold Castellano of Ferdinand & Isabella of Castile Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource [Unknown] Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Zach Irvin Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1474 Description An account of the resource Minted five years after the marriage of Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand, this Spanish gold coin represents the increasingly unified economy of the Iberian peninsula. <br /><br />The marriage of King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile was perhaps the most consequential moment in the economic trajectory of early modern Spain. More than just a marriage of two significant monarchs, it was more importantly a unification of two kingdoms that would come to challenge the political order of western Europe. The reign of Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand was characterized by ambitious institutional reforms, strict enforcement of religious uniformity, and a far-reaching colonial project to expand empire. In fact, it was Queen Isabella herself who funded and authorized the first voyages of Christopher Columbus, a development that would prove to reshape the economic landscape of Europe for centuries to come. Throughout their reign, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella navigated intense social upheaval throughout the kingdoms and often responded to the demands not of the clergymen and nobles, but of <em>comuneros </em>whose national movement called for reforms to the very mechanism by which the Crown could mint its currency (Cowans, 47). Indeed, the grievances of the Spanish townspeople extended even to the state's monetary policy. That is not to say, however, that early modern Spain experienced uninterrupted expansion of its domestic economy. The crown's failed monetary policies proved disastrous, as gold coins such as this became increasingly valueless and price signals could not stabilize in response. By 1652, villages in Andalusia broke out in riot as commoners demanded a lower exchange rate and more affordable goods (Cowans, 173). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Unknown. Medieval Coin, 1474, The Portable Antiquities Scheme. <a href="https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/2048087/ProvidedCHO_British_Museum_and_The_Portable_Antiquities_Scheme_CORN_9C2D35.html?q=Medieval+Coin">https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/2048087/ProvidedCHO_British_Museum_and_The_Portable_Antiquities_Scheme_CORN_9C2D35.html?q=Medieval+Coin</a><br /><br /><div class="form-focus layout-padding layout-align-center-center layout-row"> <div id="citation01BRC_CCO_ALMA21305194400002971">Cowans, Jon.<span> </span><i>Early Modern Spain : A Documentary History</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. </div> </div> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Free Use CC BY https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/3b9d295d716ce0f85282eed6cd2a8b5f.jpg a9554bf37809aa5ab5bb84b36141060b Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Photograph Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 3456 x 5184 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Great Pagoda, London Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Architect: Sir William Chambers Photograph: Rafa Esteve Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Brendan Glenn Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Completed 1762 Description An account of the resource Though Europe in the 18th century was wracked by internal conflict between great powers and there was significant focus among European intellectuals on domestic matters such as economic or agricultural policy, the continent by no means withdrew or became detached from the rest of the world. On the contrary, the 18th century was a period of significant development both in terms of colonization, as the Atlantic and Indian Ocean trades became increasingly important to European economies, and in terms of the intellectual interest of Europeans in the rest of the world. The countries and peoples of distant lands had long fascinated Europeans, of course, as far-off places tend to fascinate most people, but with the coming of the Enlightenment and the dawn of archeology and anthropology there began to be a growing interest in the collection and categorization of artefacts and practices from around the world. The founding of the British Museum in 1753 is testament to this(Britannica, British Museum), as is the construction of the “Great Pagoda” in Kew Gardens. Built by the architect Sir William Chambers in 1762, the “Great Pagoda” or simply “Chinese Pagoda” was at the time of its construction one of several buildings in Kew Gardens designed in imitation of the architecture found in various countries around the world. Chambers, who had gone on two trips to China and had been struck by the beauty of the famous Porcelain Tower of Nanjing, built his pagoda using the studies he had made of the Porcelain Tower and other, similar structures (Kew Palace, The Great Pagoda at Kew). The building itself is ten stories tall, octagonal, and made of red brick. Each story is topped by an encircling Chinese-style upturned eave, and the roof is surmounted by an elaborate copper spire. Four out of the eight walls on each floor are dominated by large arched windows, with the other walls containing shallow brick niches. From this description one can gather that the overall effect of the structure is, arguably, somewhat surreal and liminal, as if one has stepped into an odd place somewhere between London and Beijing. Though the building looks Chinese in silhouette, its building materials and certain other features (e.g. the muntins present in the windows) mark it as British. Needless to say, the Great Pagoda of Kew Gardens was never intended as a religious structure like its inspirations in China, but simply as a way for the people of London to get a taste of what the “East” was like (Kew Palace, The Great Pagoda at Kew). It can, therefore, be read as part of the Enlightenment project of collecting, both physically and metaphorically, the world and presenting it for the education and entertainment of the European public. This project was in its infancy in the late 1700s, and would only really get going in the mid-1800s, but already this “Great Pagoda” demonstrated its key problem: the Europeans doing the collecting seem to have been unwilling or unable to modify the effect of their own cultural perspective on the work. This unchecked bias produced strange mish-mash buildings which nonetheless were purported to be authentic, but architecture was far from the only realm of study it touched; buildings just tend to show such mistakes on their face. As such, the Great Pagoda can be seen as a kind of metaphor for the issues present in the attitude of the European Enlightenment toward the rest of the world, which were likewise full of misunderstandings and overlooked assumptions. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kew_Gardens_-_Pagoda_01.jpg https://www.britannica.com/topic/British-Museum https://www.hrp.org.uk/kew-palace/explore/the-great-pagoda/#gs.vkoo57A Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons 4.0; free re-use https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/ccf2b1ac27043ec152b07fd155d5173f.jpeg 945ed7f6cf6d9d21f98d1e98a5c83a2b Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Metal Weight Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image Diameter: 22.6mm, Thickness: 1.24mm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hanseatic League Weight Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource The Hanseatic League (Hansa) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1500 Description An account of the resource The Hanseatic League (or Hansa) was a mercantile organization founded by traders and merchants from Northern Europe in the thirteenth century. It dominated trade in the region between the Netherlands and Poland and imposed monopolies on many of the most important exports from the region including fish and wool. It also brought tremendous wealth and power to Northern cities such as Hamburg that are often overlooked during the Medieval period and the Mediterranean Renaissance (Wiesner-Hanks, 21). This was one of the first examples of large-scale trading organizations that led to a more connected European economy and wide-spread trade that came to characterize the early modern period. Perhaps most significantly, it represents the level of organization in Northern Europe and its ability to control and promote the important industries of the North counter the common belief of a Southern European dominance during the late medieval and Renaissance eras. Northern Europe was clearly connected to large trading networks through their many ports and their ability to ship their abundant natural resources on the waterways. While the Hansa’s importance petered out in the 16th century, this type of mercantile organization and large-scale trading network endured as one of the building blocks of the early modern maritime economy (Wiesner-Hanks, 21). It foreshadowed the rise of companies like the Dutch East India company that operated on a much wider scale. It also foretold the rise of Northern Europe as the economic heart of Europe later in the 18th and 19th centuries. The end of the middle ages and the beginning of the early modern period marked a shift from the dominance of the Mediterranean as the main route for shipping and commercial production, into a focus on the Atlantic world that characterized the age of exploration and conquest (Wiesner-Hanks, 241). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Portable Antiquities Scheme; Doncaster, United Kingdom Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Free Re-use https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/6196b402f61d544ce5fc5eb007753fe3.jpg e14643890eb1567d1272dba4f8ce8dcf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cross Cultural Interaction and Early Modern European Art Description An account of the resource This collection examines the advancements in maritime trade and foreign contact and how this impacted art during Early Modern Europe. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rylyn Monahan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1500-1800 Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Helianthus Annuus (Great Sun-Flower) Description An account of the resource This collage of colored papers combines to accurately form a sunflower, a flower originally from Mexico that was introduced to Europe in the late 16th century. Botanists and herbalists recorded this flower, and it was grown by John Gerard in 1597 who states 'it hath risen up to the height of fourteene foote in my garden, where one flower was in waight three pounde and two ounces' (British Museum). Mary Delany, an English artist who became fascinated with recording flowers with collages of paper, accepted donations from friends to complete her collection of almost 1,000 papercut flowers. She was influenced by her friend the Duchess of Portland, who, like many elites by this time, was “a humanitarian and avid collector of natural history and antiques” (British Museum). This project and album reflects broader trends of the scientific revolution and increased interest in scientific accuracy and naturalism, but it also demonstrates the increased interaction between the New World and Europe that produced lasting effects for centuries. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mary Delany Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1772-1782 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Rylyn Monahan Americas England papercut collage https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/0b0f6f5f340bd46c618c41ffa7affa13.jpg e9954b9c61dd7614e692367cfee8a2c3 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Engraving Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image Not Available Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Heretics Burn-- The Spanish Inquisition Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bernard Picart Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Teddy Wolfe Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1673 Description An account of the resource In the wake of the Protestant Reformation, Spain didn’t develop a major Protestant sect. Instead, many Protestant ideas were erased from public consciousness by the Spanish Inquisition, which encouraged the censure of texts and the murder or imprisonment of any who challenged the existing Catholic authority. Protestants weren’t the only group punished, as Jews and Muslims were also mostly tortured, killed, or forcibly removed from the country in an effort to consolidate royal Catholic power. The goal of the Inquisition was to prevent uprisings through a system of fear, wherein any could be punished for challenging existing ideas (Wiesner-Hanks, 108). For instance, during the 18th century, prominent intellectuals were prevented from spreading the ideas of Locke and other Enlightenment thinkers throughout Spain because Spanish rulers feared they could lead to rebellion (Goodman, 377). These intellectuals hoped the ideas would help modernize the country, but Spanish rulers feared they could breed challenges to their authority, like in America and France (Goodman, 377). The executions, as seen in the engraving, were a large part of enforcing the Inquisition and generated large public support at the start. A lot of this related to economic fears about new Christians— or Jewish converts— taking jobs away from Old Christians (Wiesner-Hanks, 109). These fears took a long time to abate, as the Inquisition only moved towards ending following the Invasion of Napoleon’s forces in 1808, after lasting almost 400 years. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived “An Auto-Da-Fé of the Spanish Inquisition and the Execution of Sentences by Burning Heretics on the Stake in a Market Place. Engraving by B. Picart.” Europeana Collections. Accessed November 13, 2018. https://www.europeana.eu/portal/record/9200579/xwzjnmf8.html. Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, "Politics and Power, 1450-1600" in Early Modern Europe, 1450-1789, (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 108-109 David Goodman, "Intellectual Life under the Spanish Inquisition: A Continuing Historical Controversy." History 90, no. 3 (299) (2005): 375-86. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24427884. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Free Re-Use Centralizing Power Inquisition Punishment spain