6 12 202 https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/00b16f122aec4678abced62bbf02300b.jpg 6507f8c141f97c0a71c3f3a11c1cb3ed Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Francis Bacon's The Advancement of Learning Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Francis Bacon Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cassidy Bins Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1605 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Francis_Bacon_Advancement_of_Learning_1674.jpg) Wiesner-Hanks, Merry. Early Modern Europe: 1450-1789. Cambridge University Press, 2013. Print. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain. Description An account of the resource Francis Bacon was a natural philosopher from England who introduced the scientific method through two publications, The Advancement of Learning and Novum Organum. To him, the basis of natural philosophy could be found in observation (Wiesner-Hanks, 374). His scientific method involved the formulation of a hypothesis, multiple tests, and the establishment of a conclusion that would then be repeatedly tested. Bacon’s life and work demonstrate the nonlinear development of science during the Scientific Revolution. Bacon was still a champion of alchemy, and many of his colleagues thought as he did. However, the shift from alchemy to chemistry came gradually, as “by the eighteenth century, those who experimented on the natural world tended to define forces or substances they could not see in material rather than spiritual or mystical terms” (Wiesner-Hanks, 375). Certainly, while Bacon’s alchemical ideas did not stand the test of time, his scientific method did. One common theme of the Scientific Revolution was the idea that science could be used to benefit society, and thus deserved funding directly from the monarchy. Bacon took this stance, as did Antoine Lavoisier, a chemist who performed many of his experiments on topics he thought would better serve the populace, such as agriculture and the military (Wiesner-Hanks, 375). In this way, the underpinnings of Bacon’s literature developed throughout the late 1700s, and natural philosophy made way for science as we understand it with the further development of the scientific method. https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/ca728440a63d686c3cb5fda46b0452c4.jpg ce14a9441293ea6dc33c7ff4836a0d9f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Francis Drake's Letter to Queen Elizabeth Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Francis Drake Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cassidy Bins Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photo: UK National Archives (http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/elizabeth-monarchy/sir-francis-drake-to-elizabeth/) Drake, Francis. Letter. Received by Queen Elizabeth I, 8 Aug. 1588. "Francis Drake." The Ages of Exploration. Accessed October 05, 2018. https://exploration.marinersmuseum.org/subject/francis-drake/ Wiesner-Hanks, Merry. Early Modern Europe: 1450-1789. Cambridge University Press, 2013. Print. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright clearance for publication is not required, except in the case of documents in third-party copyright. Description An account of the resource Francis Drake was a prominent English privateer and naval commander under Queen Elizabeth I, favored for his notable skirmishes against the Spanish Armada and his 1580 circumnavigation of the globe. In this letter to Elizabeth, Drake describes his most recent victory against Spain, crediting a large storm for the destruction of much of Spain’s forces and referring to himself and his men as “your Majestie’s force" (Drake). Drake’s deferment to Queen Elizabeth reflects the system of patronage present in monarch-privateer relationships, wherein privateers (in essence, English pirates) plundered for the crown (Wiesner-Hanks, 269). As the race to claim land, labor, and other resources in the Americas intensified, these relationships -- in line with the trend toward centralization that had seized many European monarchies -- became more common. For example, Genoese explorer Christopher Columbus secured funding from Queen Isabella of Spain before setting sail for the Indies, parts of which he would later claim for Spain. Drake was not Elizabeth’s only privateer. England’s attempts to intercept Spanish forces were representative of the larger competitive aspect to conquest and colonization of the New World. For the most part, the English ignored the “Tordesillas line” put in place by the pope in order to divide the Americas to Spain’s and Portugal’s advantages, instead claiming land for their kingdom as they came across it (Wiesner-Hanks, 252). Drake’s defeat of the Spanish Armada, in particular, helped give rise to a superior English navy and increased opportunities for England to exert its influence in the New World. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1588 https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/f488ad4c76a4febb63b3de998953baca.jpg 950717df53c5cd4c0aa66f5a165ae4f7 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Painting Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 759 × 551 pixels (for photo) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Motin de Esquilache Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Francisco Goya Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Teddy Wolfe Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Around between 1766 and 1767 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Goya, Attributed to Francisco. Motin de Esquilache. between circa and circa 1767 date QS:P571,+1766- -00T00:00:00Z/8,P1319,+1766-00-00T00:00:00Z/9,P1326,+1767-00-00T00:00:00Z/9,P1480,Q5727902 1766. Painting. Private collectioninstitution QS:P195,Q768717. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Esquilache_riots.jpg. D. A. Brading, The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State. Cambridge [England] ; New York, N.Y., USA: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Iris H. W. Engstrand. "The Enlightenment in Spain: Influences upon New World Policy." The Americas 41, no. 4 (1985): 436-44. doi:10.2307/1007350. Pedro de Zamora Hurtado, “The Situation in Seville (1652)” in Early Modern Spain: A Documentary History, ed. Jon Cowans, (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003), 172 Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, “On Spectacles and Public Entertainments (1790)” in Early Modern Spain: A Documentary History, ed. Jon Cowans, (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003), 256 J. Neumann, "Great Historical Events That Were Significantly Affected by the Weather: 2, The Year Leading to the Revolution of 1789 in France." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 58, no. 2 (1977): 163. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26218058. “Laws of the Bourbon Monarchy” in Early Modern Spain: A Documentary History, ed. Jon Cowans, (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003), 225 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain Description An account of the resource In 1766, King Charles III implemented a policy banning long capes and broad-brimmed hats, despite the populace’s growing resentment towards rising prices (Brading, 536). Charles hoped the change in wardrobe would modernize the appearance of his people, with a transition to French three-cornered hats (Brading, 499). Instead, the result was a series of massive riots in March, the Esquilache Riots, that forced the King to flee and destroyed property throughout Madrid. By the end, the King was forced to listen to the rioters’ demands, firing several key figures and undoing the fashion reform (Engstrand, 439). Those key figures and the fashion law represented Charles’s attempt to reform the country, which took a big step back with the riots. Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos suggests that these reforms caused the riots, as he blames them on the government’s inability, “…to allow [the citizens] to entertain themselves” (Cowans, 256). In this interpretation, the government limited Spanish citizens’ ability to act as they pleased— in this case wear long capes and broad-brimmed hats— causing them to riot to get what they wanted. This interpretation is supported by the fact that citizens smashed many lamp-posts put in Madrid as part of the reforms, and asked in their demands for the fashion reform to be struck down. Therefore, resentment towards reform may have been a major reason for the riots. Yet, this reasoning ignores the presence of high prices. High prices were extremely influential in starting riots in this period, as Seville rioted in 1652 over bread prices and nearby France had its 1789 Revolution kicked off over protests against bread prices (Cowans, 172; Neumann, 163). Furthermore, other Bourbon reforms had been implemented since 1700, and continued past this point. Therefore, while the riots may have been a set-back, they didn’t end the reform movement, or seek to cause it any massive damage later (Cowans, 225). Bread enlightenment riots spain https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/12996978a7dca2a85ac8b72819c83ae3.jpg a16c5bfd1d41e1640197df38a5a08482 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Painting Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 267 cm by 293 cm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Wedding Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Francisco Goya Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Elliot Cahn Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Between 1791 and 1792 Description An account of the resource Philosopher Immanuel Kant defined the Enlightenment, an 18th century intellectual movement, as “man’s emergence from his self-imposed…inability to use…understanding without another’s guidance” (Jacob 203). Kant argues that there are two ways to use Enlightened reasoning: public use and private use. The former, which is the public expression of one’s view, is acceptable. Private use of reasoning, which occurs when one questions their occupation or obligation to society (such as upholding the law or paying taxes) to the point of disobedience, should be restricted according to Kant (Jacob 205). A good example of someone who adhered to Kant’s view on Enlightenment is the Spanish painter Francisco Goya. Goya eventually became a royal painter, but his first employment at the court, beginning in 1775, was to paint sketches for royal tapestries. The process of creating tapestries eliminated the detailed side of sketches, something Goya was able to exploit. He began adding subtle social criticisms to his work while producing paintings that would still lead to perfectly acceptable and uncontroversial tapestries. In a sense, Goya was communicating his condemnations of society without allowing his perspectives to influence the final product. The painting pictured above, titled The Wedding, is one such instance of Goya “voicing” his critiques. In it, Goya depicts a seemingly merry scene of a bride and husband exiting a church following their wedding. Closer examination, however, reveals the tragedy of the whole situation. The bride, who is young and beautiful, stands in stark contrast to the husband, who is older and ugly (which Goya uses to convey his immorality). Behind them, the father of the bride, dressed in green, finalizes his daughter’s sale to the husband by giving the local priest his share of the money. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Francisco_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_The_Wedding_-_WGA10010.jpg Jacob, Margaret C. The Enlightenment: A Brief History with Documents. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, Macmillan Learning, 2017. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Free Re-use https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/3b4e07e654267ac47626b50136740da0.jpg bf086c49a84dfee52020280f6d3131d5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cross Cultural Interaction and Early Modern European Art Description An account of the resource This collection examines the advancements in maritime trade and foreign contact and how this impacted art during Early Modern Europe. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rylyn Monahan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1500-1800 Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Chinese Garden (or Vue d'un jardin chinois) Description An account of the resource Francois Boucher, a notable rococo painter of the 18th century, developed a keen interest for ‘the Orient,’ and produced a variety of paintings depicting Chinese subject matter, architecture, and themes. Being an armchair traveler, he based his prints off other drawings and paintings by European authors such as Montanus, whose seated woman in Women with fans and a dog he quotes in the central seated female in the painting (Stein 603). Image grafting, or keen observation of other prints to build up his paintings does not imply ethnographic accuracy because a lot of the prints he looked at were by others who were not from China. For example, the “illustrations to Montanus… were originally intended to portray Japan, not China” (Stein 603). Perrin’s writing also reveals a level of communication between Boucher and notable philosophers of the time like Diderot who might have been disturbed by Boucher’s simple lifting of motifs to place them in the Rococo style and claiming them as his own (Stein 602). This communication with members of the Enlightenment circle highlights the connectivity between intellectuals and artists during this time. It is worth noting that the Qing dynasty welcomed many European artists during its reign, most notably the ItalianJesuit Giuseppe Castiglione, known as Lang Shining in China, who also altered Chinese art in mimicking European oil painting techniques. This demonstrates that the hybridity of subject matter and style traveled in both directions in the 18th century. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource François Boucher Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://enfilade18thc.com/2019/12/29/exhibition-la-chine-revee-de-francois-boucher/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://enfilade18thc.com/2019/12/29/exhibition-la-chine-revee-de-francois-boucher/</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1742 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Rylyn Monahan China France Painting https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/5aa7984b08eed01191536dd9c955c699.jpeg 7ca4c7ef19e77c4344686f54c1985e64 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Portret van John Locke Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource François Morellon La Cave Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kneller, Gottfried Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1734 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Morellon La Cave, François. Portret Van John Locke. 1734. Rijksmuseum, Netherlands. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain Description An account of the resource John Locke is also heavily influenced by Machiavelli even though it is less apparent on the surface. Locke states in the Second Treatise that that have to be rules the guide and limit the power of a ruler. This is based off Machiavelli’s political theory that requires limitations to be set on a ruler, because he recognizes the problems of an unchecked ruler (Feasel). Locke then builds off this idea of checks on a ruler and develops his checks and balances system (Feasel). In addition to this idea of checks on the ruling authority or executive branch, Locke builds off Machiavelli’s ideas about private property. Machiavelli recognizes the need of private property and even goes as far to say, “You become hateful ... when you prey on the possessions and the women of your subjects. You should leave both alone.", which emphasises his understanding of the dangers of a leader who steals from the populace (Machiavelli 101). Locke continues off this idea by arguing that states do not have the right to take away private property with equal reimbursement. Locke’s political thoughts drastically changed the landscape of Europe, which helped increase the privatization trend and urban development throughout Europe. However Locke also uses “property “to mean “life, liberty, and estate”, which he trying to reinforce the idea that an individual has the right to freedom and that the government can’t take that away the individuals rights (Wiesner Hanks 383). This was a revolutionary idea, which provided the foundation of the American and French revolutions. These political thoughts further helped spread other ideas in the enlightenment about freedom. The basis of Machiavelli’s political thought was the basis of the enlightenment and helped set about this new wave of ideas and further developed Europe. https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/bbed0ab78f8549fc76ef28acaad40aee.jpg 2fb30c6d4a30663399813439862553f2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Siege of Granada Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fransisco Pradilla Ortiz Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource John Selkowtiz Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1492 Description An account of the resource “On the day when King Abí Abdilehi shall surrender the fortresses and tower, Their Highnesses shall order that his son shall be returned to him, along with all the hostages, and their wives and children, with the exception of those who have converted to Christianity” (Cowans 16) The excerpt above is a segment of the treaty that surrenders the Kingdom of Granada, the last kingdom that was under control by the Muslim Moors in the Iberian Peninsula. Beginning in the early 8th century the Reconquista was an effort by Christians to take back the Iberian Peninsula from invading Muslim Moors. Over the next few centuries Christian forces that soon became the Spanish kingdoms led the efforts to take back the peninsula. This was finally fully achieved in 1492 with the capture of Grenada. With the successful campaign of the Reconquista, Spain under the rule of Ferdinand and Isabella could now focus on exerting its influence abroad. It is not a coincidence that in that same year Columbus was sponsored by Spain to sail West in order to find a new route to Asia. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_War#/media/File:La_Rendici%C3%B3n_de_Granada_-_Pradilla.jpg Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/04b9bdb846050dd63f0e1a45bc450562.jpg 215cb9c351914d36e6c27d589127816c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Portrait of The Honourable Robert Boyle (1627 - 1691) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Frederic Kerseboom Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Zach Irvin Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1689 Description An account of the resource Released in 1689, this engraving of Robert Boyle (1627-1691) presents a portrait of one of the great natural philosophers of the Scientific Revolution. Widely considered to be the first modern chemist, Boyle contributed to the understanding of air pressure and vacuums as he and Robert Hooke developed the famous air pump during their time in Oxford. Boyle is to be understood as one member of a growing academy of natural philosophers of 16th and 17th century Europe. Their work, now understood to be the arrival of modern science, produced a body of knowledge that radically transformed the understanding of the natural world and one’s place within it. With it came new technological inventions that were direct applications of this new knowledge. Though rudimentary, these inventions would become the building blocks for the development of industry in Europe, putting nations on a trajectory for an increasingly integrated economic landscape that is characterized by trade and manufacturing. In fact, it was Boyle's contributions to fluid dynamics that paved the way for James Watts and the invention of steam engine a century later (Thurston, 446). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Frederic Kerseboom. Portrait of The Honourable Robert Boyle (1627 - 1691). Engraving, Wellcome Collection. <a href="https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/9200579/zbnmngaj.html?q=Portrait+of+The+Honourable+Robert+Boyle">https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/9200579/zbnmngaj.html?q=Portrait+of+The+Honourable+Robert+Boyle</a> <br /><br />Thurston, Robert H. History of the Growth of the Steam-Engine. Project Gutenberg, 2011. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Free Use CC BY https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/03b948c96ff033d950d877699f7e5182.jpg 3ef559291964be22734bb1841316d77e Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Paper Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Edict of Potsdam Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Frederick William Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Andrew Fitch Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1685 Description An account of the resource In 1685 France revoked the Edict of Nantes which resulted in the flight 200,000 - 250,000 French Huguenots out of France (Laborie 5). Ironically, this act of intolerance prompted the start of the trend of state-sponsored religious tolerance that would persist throughout the Enlightenment. This is evident in Brandenburg where the elector, Frederick William, issued the Edict of Potsdam that same year (Laborie 5). This Edict offered religious toleration to the Huguenots (as well as other Protestant sects) and invited them to relocate to Brandenburg and enjoy the freedom of religion (Laborie 5). In the end, about 30,000 Huguenots relocated to Brandenburg (Laborie 5). However, this pre-Enlightenment wave of toleration should not be associated with the values of the Enlightenment itself. The main reason for this being that the Edict of Potsdam (and other edicts like it) were not passed out of the benevolence of the rulers, but rather their economic and political ambitions (Laborie 19). Brandenburg, for example, was left poor and depopulated following the 30 Years War (Wiesner-Hanks 351). When news broke of the massive numbers of people leaving France, Frederick (and other Northern European rulers) recognized this as an opportunity to rebuild their devastated holdings (Laborie 6). Regardless of the purpose of the Edict, Brandenburg benefited from the increase in population. The influx of people improved the economy and many of the French refugees became soldiers in the Prussian army (Wiesner-Hanks 352). Frederick William continued to expand Prussian power by adopting many absolutist policies, as seen in him forcing his territories to grant him permanent taxation rights (Wiesner-Hanks 351). All of this laid the foundations for a powerful Prussian state that would even go on to challenge the Hapsburgs, who had enjoyed uncontested dominance of the Holy Roman Empire for centuries. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EdiktPotsdam.jpg Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/6c50795642dfb0156a2a65a3464bc965.jpg c7f10f3a1c1bcc622de0ec897ea95bae Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Engraving of the Gustavianum Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fredrik Akrel Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Benjamin Wightman Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 1770 Description An account of the resource This is an engraving of the Gustavianum, the oldest standing building in Uppsala University. It owes both its name and construction to Gustavus Adolphus, a Swedish king who enacted many reforms in the country. Sweden was largely ignored by Europe, but Gustavus Adolphus changed this by building a massive army and leading his country in several victorious campaigns in the 30 Years’ War (Wiesner-Hanks 353). Gustavus Adolphus’s vision was to make Sweden a prestigious European nation that other powers could not afford to ignore. One way that he aimed to increase Sweden’s authority was through education. Gustavus Adolphus “increased the number of faculty severalfold, and donated over three hundred manors from the royal domain to provide for its upkeep” (Lockhart 86). He also imported art and other artifacts from European powers to increase the prestige of his court—evidence of this exists in the Gustavianum today in the Augsburg Art Cabinet. The king also established secondary schools across his nation, and began a trend of founding new universities to further the education of his citizens (Lockhart 86). He had several motivations to do so: education of the country’s clergy would allow them to better defend their faith, and educating his newly-formed bureaucratic system would improve its efficiency, but increasing the size and reputation of Uppsala University was also an attempt to increase prestige and prove that Sweden was not as backwards as other European countries might think it was (Lockhart 86). That education was a metric of prestige shows how important it had become, and how ingrained education now was in European society. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gustavianum_with_garden_-_from_Busser,_Om_Upsala_Stad_etc.jpg https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/bd7f682c3f662e1223d7bf2f0dd81564.jpeg 61ce343a961e9de9a6e976b1b07e304f Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Print Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 145 mm x 200 mm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front of the Alhambra in Granada Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Friedrich Salathé Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Elliot Cahn Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Between 1839-1841 Description An account of the resource Among the concessions made by Ferdinand of Aragon as part of his marriage to Isabella of Castile, which began the unification process of Spain, was a clause obligating the united kingdoms to wage war on the Muslim Moors in the south, who were identified as enemies of the Church (Cowans 9). On the surface, this was a religious crusade led by two hardened Catholic monarchs. Beyond this aspect, however, the war against the Moors and the subsequent expulsion of Muslims and Jews served political purposes as well. The success of the Spanish monarchy inspired, at least publicly, Pope Alexander VI to cede to Spain the right to appoint bishops and retain church revenue, which provided the government with an economic boost (Wiesner-Hanks 112). After the Reconquista and conversions of some of the Moors, the Spanish Inquisition became an even more prominent part of Spanish society as it was now tasked with investigating accusations of heresy involving Muslim converts, called Moriscos (Wiesner-Hanks 111). While the Reconquista and later efforts to expel Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula left Spain as an almost entirely Catholic nation, prominent Moorish architecture, such as mosques and palaces, remained (in many cases, they were given Catholic or monarchical functions). The last Islamic stronghold to fall to the united kingdoms of Castile and Aragon was the Alhambra of Granada (pictured above), which surrendered after month siege on January 2, 1492. The Alhambra, which is a combination of an elaborate palace and a fortress, is renowned for the impressive artistry of its interior as well as its extensive gardens. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/90402/RP_F_2001_7_1540_12.html King Ferdinand, “Marriage Concessions (1469)” in Early Modern Spain: A Documentary History, ed. Jon Cowans. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. Early Modern Europe, 1450-1789. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Free Re-use https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/5b5cfb2e1dae6b0b27775f35cb272048.jpg f21f1865d69b44da1df089e4900416e5 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cover Page of Sidereus Nuncius Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Galileo Galilei Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1610 Description An account of the resource This is an image of the cover page of Galileo’s <em>Sidereus Nuncius, </em>usually translated as <em>Starry Messenger</em>. The book describes Galileo’s early discoveries with his telescope, foremost of which were the four moons of Jupiter. Galileo named these the Medician Stars, as can be seen on the cover page, honoring the powerful Medici family of Italy (Wiesner-Hanks 378). He did this because the Medici family was Galileo’s primary patron, supporting him in his quest for science. This patronage demonstrates the growing relationship between scientists and the nobility in the mid to late 16^th Writers and other artists had had patrons for centuries before, and the nobility often sent their children to universities for education, but the fact that scientists were being brought into the system of patronage is significant. It shows that their work was valued and supported by the nobility of the time. Galileo’s dedication is his way of repaying the Medici’s support by honoring them in his discoveries. This patronage shows that education in early 17^th century was not merely viewed as a means to an end, but that scientific discovery was valuable for nothing other than its educational purposes and regarded as a legitimate art form and profession. With this book, Galileo began his assertions against an Aristotelian and Ptolemean universe, instead advocating for a Copernican system. These claims brought him into conflict with the Church, and he was arrested in 1633, though his discoveries had been widely publicized and influenced many other thinkers around the world (Wiesner-Hanks 378). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sidereus_Nuncius_1610.Galileo.jpg Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Benjamin Wightman