5 12 202 https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/652a2c6ea67ccda90d5a59af6247190f.jpg fe654a434daf685ed044e131a0ecf99f Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Painting Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image Framed- 41 5/16 x 49 5/8 x 1 1/2 in. (104.9 x 125.98 x 3.81 cm); Unframed- 39 1/2 x 47 1/2 in. (100.3 3 x 120.65 cm) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Casta Painting Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Juan Patricio Morlete Ruiz Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Teddy Wolfe Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1760 Description An account of the resource Casta paintings were family portraits displaying different Spanish colonial couples and their children that were often crafted around the 1700s. The paintings are important for a number of reasons related to race and status. The first is how they portray domestic violence or, in some cases, female aggression. This was meant to symbolize power dynamics within the family, and drew from stereotypes about certain races. For instance, most images of female aggression had black women— implying their strength (Martinez, 235). Thus, the paintings allowed outsiders to see a bit of how gender dynamics occurred (or at least were displayed) within the colonial family. These paintings also represented the Spaniards’ biggest fear— that their blood could be ‘corrupted’ by outside influences. For instance, blackness was viewed as a permanent stain on the family tree— a sin passed down through the Biblical story of Ham (Martinez, 235). These racial signifiers manifested themselves as traits which were dictated by a child’s heritage. For instance, one painting has text at the bottom that declares a child’s, “proud nature and sharp wits of the Mulatto woman come from the White [male] and Black woman who produce her…” (Martínez, 233). In the language of the painting, these children were considered Spaniards, but less so because of their added traits. This differentiation was representative of a larger tension within Spanish colonial policies to both assimilate and differentiate Native Americans from their settlers. They wanted to integrate and ‘civilize’ these Natives— thus integrating them— yet also keep them separate so that they couldn’t adopt the same privileges as the Spaniards (Earle, 179). In summary, these paintings represent many of the tensions of Spanish colonialism, and how Spaniards struggled to understand race and gender within this new landscape. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Ruiz, Juan Patricio Morlete. X. From Spaniard and Return Backwards, Hold Yourself Suspended in Mid Air (De Español Y Torna Atrás, Tente En El Aire) (Image 1 of 6). circa date QS:P571,+1760- -00T00:00:00Z/9,P1480,Q5727902 1760. Framed- 41 5/16 x 49 5/8 x 1 1/2 in. (104.9 x 125.98 x 3.81 cm); Unframed- 39 1/2 x 47 1/2 in. (100.3 3 x 120.65 cm). Los Angeles County Museum of Art. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:X._De_espanol_y_torna_atras,_tente_en_el_aire_(Casta_painting)_LACMA_M.2011.20.3_(1_of_6).jpg. Maria Elena Martínez, “Changing Contours: ‘Limpieza de Sangre’ in the Age of Reason and Reform” in Genealogical Fictions: Limpieza de Sangre, Religion, and Gender in Colonial Mexico, (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2008), 227-264 Rebecca Earle, “Mutable Bodies in Spain and the Indies” in The Body of the Conquistador: Food, Race and the Colonial Experience in Spanish America, 1492-1700, (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 187-216 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain Colonialism Paintings Relationships spain https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/29e83ca9ec5df201836e8d08524952a2.jpg fd7aa5be2b6b6cf838d3e3ae9943bb4f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Historia de la composicion del cuerpo humano Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Juan Valverde de Amusco Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jack Williams Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1556 Description An account of the resource This manuscript was an anatomical manual drawn by Juan Valverde de Amusco, a Spaniard born in 1525. Very few of the images were Valverde’s originals, only 4 of 42, but all were corrected to create a more accurate image of the dissected human body (WDL). All the images are striking in their particular artistry, the most famous of which being a model showing human muscle holding his own skin in his hand. What makes this book particularly interesting is the context in which it is created, that of Spanish humoral medicine. In early renaissance Spain the idea of humoral medicine was prominent. People were believed to have certain humors in their body which defined their personality and health. Humors could change due to a variety of circumstances such as food, weather, and sleep, and an overbalance of humors was the cause of most illness and other physical hardship (Earle 26-27). What makes this book astounding then is its accuracy in drawings of the brain, eye, and larynx, as it sits situated in a world of superstitious medicine. The world of Renaissance medicine exists in a peculiar blend of science and superstition. On the one hand, doctors and learned people from all levels of society truly believed that to fix a fever, bleeding or a diet of sugar or other foods was necessary. On the other hand, however, they performed dissections and investigations that revealed a complex, and detailed understanding of the human physiology. This book is an excellent example of this era of medicine, as it shows the more detailed and analytical side of Renaissance medicine, that may be more easily missed if only an investigation of humoral medicine is taken. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/historicalanatomies/valverde_home.html Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Publlic Domain https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/0904dbee32620a7ef1c7ec77fc623fec.JPG 4857e62ac219f9117ea5e6ed96f8488f Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Photograph Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Old San Juan Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaan Taskintuna Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Early 16th Century Description An account of the resource As the Spanish colonial endeavour to the New World began, so did the spread of Spanish culture, power, and influence on these new lands. As the Spaniards arrived at the Caribbean, their main objectives included carrying the Spanish flag into new parts of the world, evangelizing the local population, establishing settlements, and benefitting from local resources to aid the growth of the empire ("Juan Ponce de León"). The building in the picture is one of many at the area of San Juan, Puerto Rico's capital, known as "Old San Juan". The settlement was founded in 1508 by Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Léon. It is oldest urban colonial settlement within Puerto Rico. In the New World, Old San Juan is the second oldest urban settlement ("Old San Juan"). As the Spanish colonizers established themselves in the New World, they brought their cultural and artistic visions with them. The Old San Juan district, naturally, contains elements of Spanish urban architecture. While one of the prime examples of Spanish colonial architecture would be the Catholic cathedrals or churches, the built space in which people lived was just as important to discovering the relationship and parallels between colonial life and life in mainland Spain. During the establishment of the colony, the colonizers had to deal with issues surrounding their health, being in a completely foreign land, lack of Old World food, and pressure from the crown to make the colonial effort profitable. Almost all of the colonizers were men. Entering into relationships with indigenous women created complications with the colonized society, not just with the crown, but also internally. Wiesner-Hanks describes the complications within the society in her chapter about the new world: "Spanish and Portuguese authorities, and the Catholic Church, were forced to develop policies and institutions to regulate a society very different from the one they had envisioned." (Wiesner-Hanks 267). References: "Juan Ponce De León." Encyclopædia Britannica. Accessed November 18, 2018. https://www.britannica.com/. "Old San Juan, Puerto Rico." Puerto Rico Tourism: San Juan. Accessed November 18, 2018. https://sanjuanpuertorico.com/old-san-juan/. Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. Early Modern Europe 1450-1789. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016: 263-267 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Spanish_Colonial_architecture_of_Old_San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico.JPG Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource (CC BY-SA 4.0), Free to share with appropriate credit https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/3f5a4c87e54b74e7aa52904854cc47d0.jpg 5a487239b888225afc6de4ec760bf71f Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data painting Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image Height: 72.8 cm Width: 60.4 cm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Portrait of Emperor Maximilian and his Family Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bernhard Strigel Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Andrew Fitch Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Approximately 1515 Description An account of the resource While strategic marriages for either resources or power have always been present in European history, their importance during the renaissance cannot be understated. The marriages of Maximilian the I (top left) and subsequent marriages that he planned for his children exemplify this as they immensely expanded Habsburg influence in the Holy Roman Empire and Europe as a whole. This ambitious expansion of Habsburg power also ties into renaissance political beliefs, namely a shift in the balance of power from the Catholic Church to secular rulers. In the past secular rulers were always answerable to the pope. However, as time progressed, secular rulers more frequently put their own powers above those of the Catholic Church and people tended to view secular governments as having more political authority (Wiesner-Hanks 135). Therefore, Maximillian's ambitious and strategic attempts to expand his power can also be viewed through the lens of a ruler working to gain greater autonomy from the pope. The first major growth in Habsburg holdings was a result of Maximilian’s arranged marriage to Mary of Burgundy (top right) which, through Mary’s lack of brothers, resulted in Maximilian's heirs inheriting Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Burgundy (Skjelver and Wiesflecker). Maximilian continued the trend of strategic and powerful marriages by having both his son, Philip (top middle), and his daughter, Margaret, marry children of the king and queen of Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella (Skjelver and Wiesflecker). With the death of Margaret's husband John, the only son of Ferdinand and Isabella, Charles the V (bottom middle), the son of Philip and his wife Joanna and grandson of Maximilian, became the next in line to inherit the Spanish throne (Skjelver and Wiesflecker). So it came to be that Holy Roman Emperor Charles the V would end up inheriting all of the Hapsburg lands in addition to the Spanish throne, which effectively meant that he was ruling about half of Europe in addition to Spanish holdings in the Americas. The immense power and wealth the Hapsburgs gained through their strategic marriages helped them to continue their dynasty in the Holy Roman Empire until its collapse in the early 1800s. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor#/media/File:Bernhard_Strigel_003b.jpg Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/cbad8269f8cfc50f4f6b0c9d18d38cc1.jpg f49b53ae5b068841c7127373ae76ad98 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Print Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Diet of Augsburg Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Christian Bayer Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Andrew Fitch Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1530 Description An account of the resource Protestantism had taken Germany by storm in the early 1500s. The Edict of Worms decreed in 1521 at the behest of Charles V declared Martin Luther a heretic and forbade anyone from supporting him, yet this did little to stop the rampant spread of Protestantism through Germany. Nine years later the already loosely united Germany was becoming more and more fractured as protestant political authorities were beginning to form military alliances throughout the nation. In an effort to bring some unity and consolidation into his empire, Charles the V summoned protestant princes to the Diet of Augsburg in 1530 with hopes to end the religious divide. At this diet, the princes produced the Augsburg Confession, a statement of faith drafted by Luther’s associate Melanchthon that contained the defining principles of Protestant faith (Wiesner-Hanks 181). These principles, like the belief that all should take part in the drinking of the blood of Christ during Eucharist and that salvation is achieved through faith alone, were irreconcilable with the Catholic faith (Wiesner-Hanks 170). Charles refused this text outright and demanded that all protestant princes return to Catholicism by a set deadline. However, instead of quelling the Lutheran princes, Charles's response further escalated the conflict. The threats of Charles V prompted the Protestant German princes to form a defensive military alliance known as the Schmalkaldic League (Wiesner-Hanks 181). At the core of this alliance was the Augsburg Confession, as entry into the league was based on one’s assent of this document. Thus Germany, on the verge of civil conflict, was left more splintered than ever. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Augsburger-Reichstag.jpg Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/1b222356a6ec0051c67360cc7577ffb1.pdf 227023114cdf3b6b74320241f2d00eab Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data paper Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 12 Articles of the Upper Swabian Peasants Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sebastian Lotzer Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Andrew Fitch Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1525 Description An account of the resource While Charles V may have been the Holy Roman Emperor in the 1500s, the German princes were nearly completely autonomous with regards to rule over their own holdings. This political structure left the peasants and serfs essentially no opportunity to protest decisions made by their princes nor improve their standing in society. Then in 1524, in light of new restrictions on hunting, increasing taxation, and new labor obligations, a peasant protest began that soon escalated into rebellion and war against their princes and local rulers (Wiesner-Hanks 178). As the rebellion grew, one peasant group published the document "The Twelve Articles of the Upper Swabian Peasants" which rapidly spread through Europe. This document, which lists the grievances and demands of the peasant army, was inspired by Luther’s ongoing protestant reformation. Despite not having Luther’s personal support in their revolution, the peasants claimed that the Protestant ideal of individual faith and the sola scriptura (scripture alone) supported their claims. Accordingly, nearly all of the peasants’ arguments made in "The Twelve Articles" stem from their interpretation of the Bible or their belief that their oppression lacks biblical justification (Baylor 21). Article three exemplifies this when it asserts that because Christ has already redeemed humanity that peasants cannot be the physical property of their lord. The peasants make similar arguments based on scripture against the practice of forced labor and restricting hunting regions (Article 4, 6). While the peasant armies saw victories early on, their revolution was doomed to fail. Over 100,000 peasants died, and the end result was more oppressive policy than before. However, contrary to common belief, the peasant army wasn’t a mob of pitchfork-wielding farmers aimlessly plundering the countryside but rather an organized military led by some men of experience that had its own political structure (Baylor 22). Should the peasants have been successful it would have meant a dramatic shift in the balance of power away from provincial officials to the local peasant communities. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived “Grievances and Demands – The 12 Articles of the Swabian Peasants (February 7-March 1, 1525)”, a document by Sebastian Lotzer. Translated by James Harvey Robinson. In From the Reformation to the 30 Years War (1500 1648), edited by Ranier A. Muller, volume 4. German History in Documents and Images, German Historical Institute, Washington, DC (http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/pdf/eng/Doc.52-ENG-12%20Articles_en.pdf). Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Used With Permission https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/2c7c50a5822c42bfe0d9e1934d8bc21d.jpeg c5b03af01f6eb028dc299ac22a8888cb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gold Castellano of Ferdinand & Isabella of Castile Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource [Unknown] Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Zach Irvin Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1474 Description An account of the resource Minted five years after the marriage of Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand, this Spanish gold coin represents the increasingly unified economy of the Iberian peninsula. <br /><br />The marriage of King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile was perhaps the most consequential moment in the economic trajectory of early modern Spain. More than just a marriage of two significant monarchs, it was more importantly a unification of two kingdoms that would come to challenge the political order of western Europe. The reign of Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand was characterized by ambitious institutional reforms, strict enforcement of religious uniformity, and a far-reaching colonial project to expand empire. In fact, it was Queen Isabella herself who funded and authorized the first voyages of Christopher Columbus, a development that would prove to reshape the economic landscape of Europe for centuries to come. Throughout their reign, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella navigated intense social upheaval throughout the kingdoms and often responded to the demands not of the clergymen and nobles, but of <em>comuneros </em>whose national movement called for reforms to the very mechanism by which the Crown could mint its currency (Cowans, 47). Indeed, the grievances of the Spanish townspeople extended even to the state's monetary policy. That is not to say, however, that early modern Spain experienced uninterrupted expansion of its domestic economy. The crown's failed monetary policies proved disastrous, as gold coins such as this became increasingly valueless and price signals could not stabilize in response. By 1652, villages in Andalusia broke out in riot as commoners demanded a lower exchange rate and more affordable goods (Cowans, 173). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Unknown. Medieval Coin, 1474, The Portable Antiquities Scheme. <a href="https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/2048087/ProvidedCHO_British_Museum_and_The_Portable_Antiquities_Scheme_CORN_9C2D35.html?q=Medieval+Coin">https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/2048087/ProvidedCHO_British_Museum_and_The_Portable_Antiquities_Scheme_CORN_9C2D35.html?q=Medieval+Coin</a><br /><br /><div class="form-focus layout-padding layout-align-center-center layout-row"> <div id="citation01BRC_CCO_ALMA21305194400002971">Cowans, Jon.<span> </span><i>Early Modern Spain : A Documentary History</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. </div> </div> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Free Use CC BY https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/eb750bf8ba1b84e06a73935ecb8ad8ce.jpg 11706e2faa54448ef4140ec99ab51bdf Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Republic (Originally Titled: Politeia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Plato Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Moses Jehng Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 380 BCE Description An account of the resource Within The Republic, Plato sought to answer questions regarding ethics and to design an ideal government. For this item, The Republic will largely be discussed in terms of its political theory. His conception of justice, morality, and metaphysics can be found in the item “Plato.” Monarchy being the common form of government in Early Modern Europe, the relevance of Plato’s The Republic can be found in his advocacy for monarchy. During his lifetime, Plato believed that it was the bad judgement of the Athenians (realized by democracy) that led to his master Socrates’ execution and the beginning and prolongation of the Peloponnesian War. As such, he claims that while a democracy is undisciplined and lacks effective direction (especially since he saw most people as easily swayed and intellectually inferior), a monarchy with a virtuous and enlightened leader is the ideal form of government (Book VIII). He calls this an "aristocracy." This government would be just, allowing each member to live out a virtuous life in the way uniquely designed for them and for the productivity of society (Book IV). The Early Modern Period lies witness to the preservation and reconceptualization of Plato’s propositions in the Republic, the one notable example being that of Machiavelli’s The Prince (see Princeps in the collection “Political Developments and Diffusion in Early Modern Italy”). Written to outline the behavior of an effective monarch, Machiavelli’s The Prince indirectly extends certain concepts put forth by Plato whilst reevaluating and sometimes rejecting others. In Book VI of The Republic, Plato calls for rulership by a virtuous and learned individual he calls a philosopher-king. Good virtue, according to Plato, translates to good judgement. Chapter 9 and 14-19 in particular of The Prince (in addition to most of the text) echo Plato’s sentiments regarding the importance of a learned individual as ruler. However, while Plato’s portrait of the philosopher king was lacking much in terms of political and practical knowledge (focusing on virtue), Machiavelli strengthens Plato’s arguments in these areas. Diplomacy and warfare, he argues, are practices that are necessary to the thriving of a state and require an educated monarch to be effectively conducted. Without an educated leader who rises through this merit (the opposite being the short-lived ruler who rises through circumstance), Machiavelli anticipates the decline of the state and its people (Chapters 6-8). On a larger scale, their call for an educated leader can later be seen in the robust education undergone by the monarchs of Early Modern Europe. Queen Isabella of Spain was celebrated for her learned background (Cowans). Cosimo de Medici sponsored the reestablishing of Plato’s Academy in Florence, embodying his firm belief in the importance of education (Durant). That being said, one area of contention between the two is found in the importance of virtue in the monarch. For Plato, the role of virtue is uncontestable—without virtue, the ruler will not make good judgements. Machiavelli, however, posits the distinction between virtue and practical skill/intelligence. In chapters 8, 15, and 17 of The Prince, Machiavelli states that virtue can be temporarily abandoned in the quest for power so long as the consequences are sufficiently mitigated by proper management. Machiavelli’s virtue is secondary to the effectiveness of the leader and the well-being of the overall people, meaning that publicly imperceptible transgressions of virtue are generally acceptable (and even encouraged). Furthermore, while Plato paints fear largely as the tool of the tyrant (a bad system as seen in Books VIII and XI of The Republic), Machiavelli acknowledges that constant fear—when controlled and not in excess—is extremely beneficial to maintain rulership (Chapter 17 of The Prince). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Cowans, Jon. Early Modern Spain. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. Durant, Will (1953). The Renaissance. The Story of Civilization. 5. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 80. Machiavelli, Niccolò. The Prince. Translated by Jonathan Bennett. 2017. Accessed November 5, 2018. https://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/machiavelli1532.pdf. Omont, Henri. Page of the Codex Parisinus Graecus 1807. Dialogue Politeia. 900 ad. Wikimedia, National Library of France, Paris. In Wikimedia. By Plato. December 2, 2013. Accessed November 2, 2018. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Politeia_beginning._Codex_Parisinus_graecus_1807.jpg. Plato. The Republic. Translated by Richard W. Sterling and William C. Scott. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/5327ecdb5b0a98d0b20367533f7f4c6d.jpg b1d146fde1e0f0fdc409b28995be937a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Two Woodcuts Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jost Amman Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1568 Description An account of the resource An item of crucial importance to the Protestant Reformation was the printing press. The Reformation was a popular movement, which meant that people had to know about it and be taught what the reformers stood for. Bringing this information to the public would be impossible without the printing press. Invented in the mid-15^th century, the printing press allowed texts to be produced much more quickly and cheaply. This made it much easier to distribute materials that people could read and disseminate ideas throughout Europe. Without the printing press, Luther would not have been able to spread his ideas to the corners of Europe anywhere near as quickly, nor would he have had the capability to produce his translation of the Bible in later years. Colonization of the Americas would not have jolted into motion so suddenly—Matthew Restall argues in <em>Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest</em> that a large part of the conquistadors’ popularity and glorified image was due to their ability to publish and spread their boastful letters sent back to the king (12). Many men still would have flocked to travel to the new world, but perhaps not as quickly without a shining image of Cortés to inspire them. One easy way to transfer information quickly was the woodcut. This allowed many copies of a work of art to be printed and distributed across Europe. These woodcuts illustrate the process of creating such an object. One figure is cutting the woodcut itself, and the other is stamping an inked woodcut onto paper. The woodcut allowed the printing press to easily convey not just words, but art, a powerful motivator. The ability to spread knowledge throughout the world is incredibly important for educating the general public, and is why I have chosen these woodcuts as an item. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Benjamin Wightman Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Woodcut,_early_demo.jpg https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/4717772a7e7037073430eb1bf4684f80.jpg 45e569330ef332154d9b35c5236849d5 Person An individual. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Plato (Copy of Bust of Plato by Silanion) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Silanion (Original) Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Moses Jehng Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource (Bust) 370 BCE Description An account of the resource The bust (pictured above) depicts Plato. Regarded as one of the greatest thinkers of Classical Greece, the study of Plato and his works was prevalent throughout the Renaissance (one example can be seen in "The School of Athens," an item found in the collection "Political Developments and Diffusion in Early Modern Italy"). Unlike our perceptions regarding philosophers in the modern age, the philosophy of classical antiquity and the Renaissance also extended to science, mathematics, and more. Not much is known about Plato's early life. Later in life, however, he gained acclaim as a student of the philosopher Socrates. As Socrates did not write anything down himself, much of what history knows about him come from Plato's writings about him. Plato frequently wrote in the form of a dialogue, or a conversation, with Socrates as the protagonist. In these dialogues, one or more philosophical concepts would be explained or hinted at using a series of questions asked by Socrates to another person (though many do not arrive at concrete conclusions). Following Socrates' execution in 399 BCE (which would later give Plato a disdain for the judgement of the masses as it was democratically-decided), Plato opened a school of philosophy called the Academy. This would provide the basis for later educational institutions. During Plato's life, he would take on several students of his own, the most notable being Aristotle. It is unknown how Plato died, as there are many accounts (Meinwald). Plato introduces his own concept of morality, starting with virtue theory. Justice is one of them, along with temperance, prudence/wisdom, and courage. Justice to Plato is a type of harmonious living in which each person does their own role within society without infringing on others (specialization). On a personal level, it is a harmony of the soul based on intellectual pursuits and the exercise of temperance. Temperance is the restraint of vices. Prudence is the application of reason for good judgement. Courage is approaching problems without unnecessary fear (not cowardice but not foolhardiness either). Plato then proceeds to explain his theory of forms. In short, everything has an ideal form. Take a chair. According to Plato, there is an ideal chair; all chairs that exist on Earth share some qualities that make them chairs. The ideal chair is the embodiment of these qualities, the embodiment of the concept of "chair." Likewise, the greatest form is the form of good. To understand what is good and what good is, the philosopher must study it (The Republic, Book IV). The rebirth of these ideals, occurring prior to and in the Renaissance, manifested into the school of thought known as Platonism/Neo-Platonism (see item “‘Platonism’ from Diderot’s Encyclopedia” in “Political Philosophy of Classical Antiquity). Having been popularized by Petrarch during the Renaissance, the Platonic philosophy helped bridge the gap between to ideologically disparate time periods—pre- and post-Reformation (as discussed in week two of HIST 139). Despite his harsh condemnation of the Catholic Church, Martin Luther still retained Platonic values such as a focus on the soul and aesthetics (Mattes). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived De Jaucourt, Louis. "Platonism." Encyclopédie. Compiled by Denis Diderot. Accessed November 10, 2018. http://xn--encyclopdie-ibb.eu/index.php/science/1111734492-philosophie/975165967-PLATONISM. Mattes, Mark. "Martin Luther’s Theological Aesthetics." Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. Accessed November 14, 2018. http://religion.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-350. Nguyen, Marie-Lan. Plato (Copy of Silanion). 370 bc. Wikimedia, Capitoline Museums, Rome. In Wikimedia. September 16, 2009. Accessed November 15, 2018. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg. Plato. The Republic. Translated by Richard W. Sterling and William C. Scott. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/ef2b8c95718882761c711c7031b7301c.png 0310ea202e015f920d7416cd67ad21c8 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Woodcut Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map of Silesia Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Martin Helwig Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Andrew Fitch Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1561 Description An account of the resource 16th century Europe saw the rise of the nation-state in many kingdoms. Monarchs across Europe sought to consolidate their power and develop large centralized institutions (Wiesner-Hanks 88). Additionally, New military technology led to an increase in the cost of war which also worked to shift the balance of power from nobles to monarchs because nobles could no longer afford to field a sizeable army (Wiesner-Hanks 95). However, despite the attempts of Charles V, the Holy Roman Empire never succeeded in establishing itself as a nation-state with a strong central government. While there were many factors at play that prevented the consolidation of the Holy Roman Empire, one important factor was the resistance of Northern German cities and regions. The cities’ and regions’ efforts to resist the Emperor and retain their autonomy can be seen in contemporary German maps. During the 16th century, maps were an important tool used by monarchs to inspire a sense of cohesion to the central government. There were two major types of European maps in the 16th Century: chorographic and geographic. Geographic maps showed the territory of a whole country. It makes sense then that these maps were often used as tools to promote a sense of loyalty to the central government as they portrayed a monarchs land as a single, continuous nation without the dividing lines of states or cities (Mundy 7). Chorographic maps, on the other hand, focused on displaying a particular region or city and were often more artistic in style. As a result, these maps inspired pride in one's local community since they depicted cities or regions as individual entities. Chorographic maps were especially significant with regards to the Holy Roman Empire because, at the same time Northern German regions and cities were resisting the Emperor, many chorographic maps were published in Germany. These maps, like the one above, became representative of the autonomy of many Northern German cities and regions (Mundy 5). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Helwig#/media/File:Helwig.png Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/03783eeab88f5f4bb415115a1d43eaeb.jpeg f19b645e4dc77c9651328c0f8db37d7e Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data This image has been taken from scan 000027 from "[Through Spain: a narrative of travel and adventure. ... Illustrated.]". The title and subject terms of this image have been generated from tags, created by users of the British Library's flickr photostream. Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 1207x1536px Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cortes Armor (from the Royal Armory) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Publisher: R. Bentley & Son Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Teddy Wolfe Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1886 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived “Aztec Empire from ‘[Through Spain: A Narrative of Travel and Adventure. ... Illustrated.].’” Europeana Collections. Accessed November 13, 2018. https://www.europeana.eu/portal/record/9200387/BibliographicResource_3000117289164.html. Matthew Restall, Seven Myths of Spanish Conquest, (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2003) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain Marked Description An account of the resource Hernán Cortes was a prominent Spanish Conquistador who went on an expedition against the Aztec empire. The attached image is of the armor he used during the trip. It was placed in a Spanish museum to honor his legacy and represents some of the mythos surrounding him. Cortés legacy was built on letters to the King that allowed him to become one of “…the most recognizable of God’s agents… [due to their] rapid publication and wide circulation…” (Restall, 14). He became a symbol of imperial policy, and his accounts were a justification of imperial actions, as they showed him spreading civilization and Christianity throughout the New World. Yet, it’s important to remember that these were HIS texts. They were biased. Despite this, subsequent historians held them up, as seen with his armor being placed in a museum, and from this quote by historian Charles Gibson in 1966, “Although no conquistador rivaled Cortés in military skill or in the capacity to control the conquest aftermath, all subsequent campaigns were… modeled upon the conquest of the Aztec empire” (Restall, 19). Yet, Cortés was not the first to use many of his now-famous tactics, as plenty were commonly used or simply myth— like burning his ships. Furthermore, much of the credit for the invasion should be given to the native warriors who fought alongside him. He had plenty of native allies, as many other groups like the Huejotzincans sought to exploit the Spanish arrival to challenge the Aztécs. These groups, “…saved Spaniards from starvation, rescued individual Spaniards, acted as spies, and fought along with Spanish horsemen in sorties against the besiegers” (Restall, 49). Without these services, Spaniards most likely wouldn’t have been able to get a foothold in the New World— as they had no idea how to speak the languages or what was edible among the new plants and animals. Colonialism Conquistadors Cortes Native Americans spain