3 12 202 https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/7a810b0c90b3014816bcf78b8db2da35.png 57a487c44afd6e7221ff7cb264bf55e6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Memoirs by Glikl bas Judah Leib Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Glikl bas Judah Leib Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Changlan Wang Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1719 Description An account of the resource Glikl was a Jewish businesswoman who advised her husband on business matters while raising their twelve children. She took over the whole business at his death, rescued “her eldest son from repeated bankruptcies, and expanding into new markets” (Wiesner-hanks, 454). This paragraph is an excerpt from her memoir. Glikl was proved to be a very unusual women, partly because her religious affiliation as a Jewish. “Because Jews were prohibited from staying in most inns run by Christians” and “Judaism prized the life of a scholar more than that of a merchant,” Glikl had a rather wide “networks of friends with whom women can stay safely” and was freer to “run businesses than their Christian neighbors” (Wiesner-hanks, 454). However, from a different perspective, particularly in comparison to the working status of married and unmarried women in Sweden during approximately the same time period. Glikl’s opportunity and success could also be partially credited to the importance of marriage, especially for women, in the 16-19th century. For example, in 16-18th century Sweden, although women in general were in the same industries or occupations as men did, except military, married and unmarried women had very different occupations. For example, ever-married women were much more visible in “administrative and managerial work, trade in real estate, general trade and credit transactions” (Lindstrom et al., 243). On the other hand, married women were relatively “inconspicuous in categories such as unspecified work, agriculture, transport, other specified work, and theft and misappropriation” where the presence of unmarried women were more profound (Lindstrom et al. 243). Thus, Glikl’s success as a businesswoman could also be associated with the opportunities for married women. Woman obtains the role of head of household when she marries and thus is conferred with more resources like land and other legal capacity. Although the necessity of marriage for women to be in these higher levels of occupations created a sense of women’s dependency on men, the autonomy and relative independency that women gained after marriage also shouldn’t be underestimated. As Lindstrom and others argued that, “marriage put both women and men in a position where they could use the labor of other people for their own benefits” (Lindstrom et al., 245). Women may not be in an inherently dispositional disadvantage in marriage. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Judah Leib, Glickl bas. Memoirs. Translated by Marvin Lowenthal. New York: Schocken, 1987. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain Prominent Women https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/bdb570da42fbc4eb9aa8f508fc33b3f6.pdf 433cd70895f9556a875ae7f20c6b6e89 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data pdf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Introduction Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource McLain Sidmore Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/18/2018 Description An account of the resource An Introduction to "Maritime History in Early Modern Europe (1492-1807)." https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/967bccaa37820b2d252f3a4d7c2ff5b4.pdf b2ed75cb117d0523ece0e2775d7aa17c Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data pdf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Introduction Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Andrew Fitch Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Andrew Fitch Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/18/2018 Description An account of the resource An introduction to the collection "Politics and Power in the Holy Roman Empire" https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/3f3b105801b98eadb9355231300ed9d1.pdf 7733f5e3296755c9697541d4617ecf57 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Introduction to Tracing Political Ideology in Early Modern Europe Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Deren Owji Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Description An account of the resource An Extended Introduction to the Exhibit which traces the growth of political thought and ideology in the early modern period of Europe. https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/307e08516e859123e04925e3efe6714b.pdf 3b6a1aad4e669b9b2ee0238237fd1ea2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Introduction Essay Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cassidy Bins https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/3da744a92c871d1f6931c40b1b1f22f6.jpg 311f75e6c090061ca9e83bd78ff9f2a5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Agora Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Moses Jehng Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Ancient Greece Description An account of the resource The Agora was a public space found in Ancient Greek city-states (depicted above is the Athenian Agora) in which citizens would congregate for a number of purposes—exchange of goods, speeches, discussion, and more. The Agora itself was usually home to vendors and their stalls. It is through the Agora that one can understand the deeply involved nature of Greek political and philosophical life, and thus their pride in democracy. Citizens would discuss recent political events and debate one another, influencing their decision on issues. Socrates himself occasionally took to questioning marketgoers during his philosophical musings, as did the philosopher Diogenes of Sinope (Mark). At the core of the decision-making of Athenian democracy was the discussion occurring in the Agora. Aristotle wrote in Book I of Politics that humans are political animals, pointing to an inherent desire to participate and engage politically—a desire that becomes apparent in the Greek Agora. The Agora was the embodiment of the process behind politics, and its intersection with daily life. Over one thousand years later, the spirit of the Agora—the significance of public discourse—is fervently defended by Enlightenment philosopher Immanuel Kant in his essay “What is Enlightenment?” (the Enlightenment being discussed week nine of HIST 139). Kant details two uses of reason—public and private. Private reason is that which is conducted while in office, whereas public reason is that which is not conducted while in office and done so in an appropriate setting (Kant states that this is exercised to a learned audience). He observes that an effective government is contingent on the proper management of each. Private reason, to Kant, should be limited by the government. He provides the example of the law enforcement officer constantly questioning and disobeying their superior—should everyone exercise their reason unnecessarily during their office instead of doing their jobs, societal productivity would halt. Instead, he points to the appropriateness of setting here and declares that public reason be used. Instead of complaining to and disobeying their superior while at work, Kant suggests the officer publish an article in a newspaper about his opinion or discuss it with others while off work at a gathering. In this way, the officer can promote healthy discourse that may evoke change for those whose responsibility it is to enact it. The Agora was the embodiment of the Athenians’ use of public reason, the tool with which Kant frames the progression of ideas and thus humanity. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Aristotle. Politics. Translated by Carnes Lord. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2013. Kant, Immanuel, and H. B. Nisbet. "What Is Enlightenment?" In Political Writings, edited by H. S. Reiss, 54-60. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2017. Mark, Joshua J. "Agora." Ancient History Encyclopedia. September 2, 2009. Accessed November 15, 2018. https://www.ancient.eu/agora/. Murray, Sarah. Ancient Agora, Athens. April 18, 2011. In Atlas Obscura. Accessed November 15, 2018. https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/the-athenian-agora-athens-greece. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Photo is Creative Commons https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/62f0f4fec2327202ce695431ecd6d5be.jpg 75ba4d44c2c85e4f45a5b6feeadf8cc6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Freilassungsbrief des Johann Hermann Weymann Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Clamor Adolph Theodor von dem Bussche Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Zach Irvin Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1762 Description An account of the resource Signed by Clamor Adolph Theodor von dem Bussche, this letter legally granted the emancipation of a German serf named Johann Hermann Weymann in 1762. In one notable line, von dem Bussche proclaimed “freyheit; urkundlich meiner eigenhändigen”, or “freedom; documented by my own hand”. To peasants such as Weymann, this freedom signified economic mobility and protection from oppressive feudal obligations. Despite centuries of revolts and abolition movements, serfdom remained an entrenched facet of rural life in central and eastern Europe well into the eighteenth century. Such an institution posed a serious problem to Enlightenment thinkers, whose ideas of personal liberty and self-determination stood in stark contrast to the realities of feudalism. In an attack on serfdom in Franche-Comité, Voltaire demanded ”the complete abolition of this last trace of barbarous centuries” (O’Rourke, 424). However, attributing the changes in rural life to the Enlightenment is a very urban-centric approach that, in many ways, discounts the dramatic land reforms and developments of the rural economy. Indeed, peasants participating in this “agricultural enlightenment” would fundamentally transform the rural landscape for centuries to come. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived O’Rourke, Shane. The Emancipation of the Serfs in Europe. In David Etlis. The Cambridge World History of Slavery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011). <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Freilassungsbrief_Weymann.jpg">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Freilassungsbrief_Weymann.jpg</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license CC https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/041915dd24d6bd6d6d5788671349a4ea.jpg 3d15855f38ee494ccdc2f997a7deb024 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Platonism," from Diderot's Encyclopedia. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Louis de Jaucourt and Denis Diderot Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Moses Jehng Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1765 Description An account of the resource An ambitious project to compile a mass of information into several encyclopedias, Diderot’s Encyclopedia—though of the Enlightenment era and not Classical Antiquity—can be used to identify how ideas have endured throughout history. Specifically, the manner in which its entries are described reflects the attitude during them and thus the changes they have undergone. Depicted above is the entry on Platonism. Focused heavily on the individual’s soul and its enrichment (see item “Plato” in “Political Philosophy of Classical Antiquity” for more information on Platonism), Neo-Platonism was the reapplication of Platonic ideals towards Christianity. Despite Plato’s pagan religion, scholars such as Marsilio Ficino proposed Christians approach humanistic/Christian improvement through the balance of the soul advocated by Plato. Ficino highlighted similarities between Platonism and Christianity in his attempt to unite the two—for example, both are characterized by restraint concerning the vices and the perseverance of the soul beyond life. Furthermore, both featured an otherworldly focus as means of transcendence. Plato emphasized the pursuit of the abstract form of good, while Christianity encourages a focus on God. An earlier philosopher, Plotinus, even went as far as to merge the two, recognizing God and the form of good as synonymous. Diderot’s entry of Platonism lauds Plato and the contributions his philosophy have to Christianity, painting the two as complimentary (albeit Christianity being central and Platonism an ornament). This approach regarding Neo-Platonism in Diderot’s Encyclopedia was also a result of the Protestant Reformation (discussed in week three of HIST 139). Christianity had already become deeply intertwined with the ideas of Plato and Aristotle, with Thomas Aquinas adopting a number of their proposals regarding the soul in his commentaries on the work of Aristotle. Additionally, Aquinas interpreted Plato to be in support of the conception of the holy trinity (Aquinas Institute), a position that Diderot and Martin Luther echo. During the Reformation, though a considerable amount of previous doctrine was condemned by Luther, many aspects of Platonism nonetheless endured in Luther’s theories. Luther’s concern with aesthetics and music as means of coming closer to God (Mattes) resonate with Plato’s position on the higher nature of the arts. Furthermore, he tends to view the Bible through an allegorical perspective, once again echoing Plato’s allegories. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Photo is Public Domain Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Aquinas, Thomas. "Commentaries on Aristotle." Aquinas Institute. Accessed November 14, 2018. https://aquinas.institute/operaomnia/aristotle/. Cover of the "Encyclopédie, Ou Dictionnaire Raisonné Des Sciences, Des Arts Et Des Métiers". 1751. Wikimedia. In Wikimedia. March 31, 2014. Accessed November 14, 2018. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Encyclopedie_de_D'Alembert_et_Diderot_-_Premiere_Page_-_ENC_1-NA5.jpg. De Jaucourt, Louis. "Platonism." Encyclopédie. Compiled by Denis Diderot. Accessed November 10, 2018. http://xn--encyclopdie-ibb.eu/index.php/science/1111734492-philosophie/975165967-PLATONISM. Mattes, Mark. "Martin Luther’s Theological Aesthetics." Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. Accessed November 14, 2018. http://religion.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-350. https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/48c91a0555e6c1cdbc58d5c5ffafea8d.pdf c7a68db4fad5dd6636dee9f24a75be99 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Rise and Fall of Early Modern Spain Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Teddy Wolfe and Elliot Cahn Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Teddy Wolfe and Elliot Cahn Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 17, 2018 Description An account of the resource To access our paper examining Spain and its place in the Early Modern period of European history: 1) Click on the image beneath the "Files" heading 2) After the file section opens, click on the text of the paper to get it in PDF format https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/0705bab615aa4e6ea5f532c55d25c4fd.jpg 396ec109e409ef161fdc7bbf664ee3bd Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Photograph Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Fountain Court of Hampton Court Palace Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sir Christopher Wren Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaan Taskintuna Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1689-94 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource CC BY-SA 3.0, Free to share with appropriate credit Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hampton_Court_Palace,_Fountain_Court.jpg#/media/File:Hampton_Court_Palace,_Fountain_Court.jpg Description An account of the resource The Fountain Court is located on the grounds of the Hampton Palace in London. The Hampton Palace was built in 1504. When William III and Mary II sat on the throne in 1689, they utilized the services of Sir Christopher Wren to design a new baroque palace for them. Wren originally planned to demolish most of the Tudor palace. However, he later changed his plans and started by building the Fountain Court The Fountain Court's construction began in 1689 and it was completed in 1694. William III envisioned to rival the Palace of Versailles of Louis XIV with the baroque renovation of the Hampton Palace ("Hampton..."). The architectural structure of the Fountain Court bears a striking resemblance to that of the Palace of Versailles. A long series of arches with large windows above them are among the most noticeable similarities between the two structures. The power struggles of Europe were reflected into architecture by Sir Christopher Wren. And of course, this was a time period marked by a struggle between the strong monarchs of Europe. Although William and Mary were constitutional monarchs in contrast to the more extreme and absolutist rule of Louis XIV, the Fountain Court is a symbol of the show of power between enemies ("Historic Royal..."). References: "Hampton Court Palace." Encyclopædia Britannica. Accessed November 18, 2018. https://www.britannica.com/. "Historic Royal Palaces: Hampton Court Palace." Historic Royal Palaces. Accessed November 19, 2018. https://www.hrp.org.uk/. https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/dfc10ea7a47cd1f9fc4e53a68bd4e1fe.pdf 38e2eb7d29bde77e924278146935d2db Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Introduction to Early Modern Medicine Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jack Williams https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/549af1f7bde9beb5c410ef83269f848d.jpeg a4bab181d2c60d7ecf5cf2e29269f351 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Duty and Advantages of Encouraging Public Infirmaries Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Isaac Maddox Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jack Williams Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1742 Description An account of the resource In the 18th century a growing national interest in the health and safety of the poor and infirm led to the creation of a number of voluntary hospitals, charity hospitals set up by the upper class for the impoverished. One of the most famous was the London Hospital, created in 1740 by a group of druggists and surgeons primarily to service the manufacturers and seamen of the East End of London (London Lives). This sermon, given by Isaac Maddox a lord bishop at the time, was created in an effort to both encourage the government to support the work of the hospital, as well as encourage the aristocracy in attendance to help support the hospital’s mission. During the enlightenment, and over the course of the Early Modern Period as a whole, governments across Europe began to set up hospitals and other methods of general public health to help support their people. The 18th century in particular was notable for the large number of hospitals founded in the London area for the treatment of a variety of patients (Andrews). While these hospitals were originally founded by private citizens they were quickly supported and eventually controlled by the government, a change from the previous centuries where only two royal hospitals had been founded since 1530 (Andrews). This shift in thinking of the upper class is representative of a general shift towards the welfare of a nation, rather than that of a small group, which is indicative of the rise of the nation state in this time period. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/9200397/BibliographicResource_3000126278106.html?q=english+sermon Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Free Re-Use Public Domain