10 12 202 https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/a6db68b7d5569249d21f6f70ba0804c2.jpg 33e4eb2df69fbd3a3590d28fde225df0 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Painting Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 80.5 cm x 63 cm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Portrait of William III, Prince of Orange and Stadholder Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Caspar Netscher Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Adam Smart Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 1680-1684 Description An account of the resource This portrait of William III represents the interesting government which developed in the Dutch Republic following its independence from Spain. William III served as stadtholder of the Seven Provinces of the Netherlands from 1672-1702. The stadholder was an administrator who was appointed by the States General, which was the national assembly of the provinces. The role of stadtholder was distinct from that of monarch, although stadtholders were generally descendants of William the Silent (Wiesner-Hanks 344-345). The absence of a monarch in the Netherlands in an age of increasing absolutism had notable economic and social implications for the republic (Wiesner-Hanks 346). William III also connects the Netherlands to a wider world of politics, as he and his wife Mary became monarchs of England, Scotland, and Ireland, in 1688 with parliamentary support. The ascension of these monarchs led to a greater constitutional basis of government in the British Isles, and the eventual formation of Great Britain under their successor, Queen Anne (Wiesner Hanks 343). Thus despite the lack of a monarch in the Netherlands, the region continued to have an influence on dynastic and monarchical politics in western Europe through figures such as William. In a period of increasing absolutism, the Netherlands both resisted the control of monarchs and was involved in other constitutional and governmental changes abroad. Works Cited: Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. “Politics and power, 1600-1789” In Early Modern Europe, 1450-1789, 316-361. Cambridge University Press, 2013. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/90402/SK_C_194.html">https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/90402/SK_C_194.html</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is in the Public Domain. https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/e675fd021843bbddf2323ee5640aec53.jpg 2d878bec8f229367cc9683df67431ab4 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource English Bill of Rights Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cassidy Bins Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1689 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:English_Bill_of_Rights_of_1689_(middle).jpg) Wiesner-Hanks, Merry. Early Modern Europe: 1450-1789. Cambridge University Press, 2013. Print. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain. Description An account of the resource The English Bill of Rights was a revolutionary document that afforded more authority to Parliament. It was written as a response to the absolutist ideas and actions of the Stuart monarchs. Absolutism dictated that a monarch’s power was God-given, which meant the monarch retained most of the state’s power, and, in the case of England, left very little for Parliament (Wiesner-Hanks, 318). In 1689, England was still plagued with religious and financial conflicts. After James II followed his brother Charles in assuming the English throne and appointed Catholics to several important positions within the government, the worried English Parliament put young Protestant rulers William and Mary on the throne (Wiesner-Hanks, 342). William and Mary conceded to the terms laid out in the Bill of Rights, and agreed in part to tentative religious toleration (Wiesner-Hanks, 343). This period was known as the “Glorious Revolution.” Among other things, the Bill of Rights called for freedom of speech during Parliament debates and free election of Parliament members. The Bill also sought to limit the financial and military powers of the monarch. Its adoption by the Protestant William and Mary is further proof of England’s gradual shift toward a modern nation-state. However, enduring conflict between Catholics and Protestants of the era indicates a lack of secularization in government, particularly in England. https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/59ff7fb0ec04d0fb70d24c4180b93c25.jpg 66ca91ab6a8b5f7d700b6ee7fb33d272 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource English Bill of Rights, 1689 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Parliament of the United Kingdom Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Matthew Walsh Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1689 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Wikimedia Commons, original image available <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:English_Bill_of_Rights_of_1689.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain, full license information available at image page above. Description An account of the resource In order to prevent the Catholic heir of King James II from the inheriting the throne and reuniting the Anglican Church with Rome, Parliament decided to offer the throne to Dutch noble William of Orange and his wife Mary. In exchange, they drew up a list of rights that had to be afforded to subjects of the Crown. Among these rights was the right to bear arms, extended only to Protestants. The anti-Catholic nature of this document is made explicit in the final paragraph, when “papists” and all who marry a Catholic in communion with the pope are forbidden from the English throne, out of supposed concern for the safety and the security of the realm (Wiesner-Hanks, 342-343). This document illuminates several aspects of the papacy in the early modern period. First, it illustrates that the institution of the papacy came to be a central identifying feature of Catholicism. Thus the Bill of Rights uses “papist” and “Catholic” interchangeable. Yet its use as an epithet also demonstrates that the papacy continued to be a cause of criticism from Protestants and Protestant countries. While the papacy unified Catholicism, it exacerbated conflict between itself and other Christian groups. Protestant nations like England imagined an international specter, the Bishop of Rome, which loomed over them and sought to overthrow the Protestant authorities and establish Catholic tyranny within their borders. The papacy is therefore inextricably linked with many of the political conflicts and controversies of the late seventeenth century. https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/5b5cfb2e1dae6b0b27775f35cb272048.jpg f21f1865d69b44da1df089e4900416e5 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cover Page of Sidereus Nuncius Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Galileo Galilei Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1610 Description An account of the resource This is an image of the cover page of Galileo’s Sidereus Nuncius, usually translated as Starry Messenger. The book describes Galileo’s early discoveries with his telescope, foremost of which were the four moons of Jupiter. Galileo named these the Medician Stars, as can be seen on the cover page, honoring the powerful Medici family of Italy (Wiesner-Hanks 378). He did this because the Medici family was Galileo’s primary patron, supporting him in his quest for science. This patronage demonstrates the growing relationship between scientists and the nobility in the mid to late 16th Writers and other artists had had patrons for centuries before, and the nobility often sent their children to universities for education, but the fact that scientists were being brought into the system of patronage is significant. It shows that their work was valued and supported by the nobility of the time. Galileo’s dedication is his way of repaying the Medici’s support by honoring them in his discoveries. This patronage shows that education in early 17th century was not merely viewed as a means to an end, but that scientific discovery was valuable for nothing other than its educational purposes and regarded as a legitimate art form and profession. With this book, Galileo began his assertions against an Aristotelian and Ptolemean universe, instead advocating for a Copernican system. These claims brought him into conflict with the Church, and he was arrested in 1633, though his discoveries had been widely publicized and influenced many other thinkers around the world (Wiesner-Hanks 378). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sidereus_Nuncius_1610.Galileo.jpg Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Benjamin Wightman https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/dd7100e0af216e0e9bbe4895a4db0c0b.png 982baa28b033c54f3b8e50ab5975dd19 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Arrest Memorable du Parlement de Tolose Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jean de Coras Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1508 Description An account of the resource The tale that Jean de Coras recounts in his Arrest Memorable is the story of perhaps one of the most famous 16th century French peasants, a man named Martin Guerre. The story itself is remarkable. A man named Martin Guerre disappears for many years, leaving his young wife behind. Years later, a man claiming to be him appears, but is slowly discovered to be an imposter. During the trial of the fals Martin, the real Martin reappears, casting away any doubts that were still had over the identity of the other man. Not only does the story, recounted by Natalie Zemon Davis in her microhistory The Return of Martin Guerre give insight into what life as a peasant would have been like, but also provides us with an insight into the ways in which peasants thought about the self in early modern France. There were very few ways of making certain that a person was who they said they were, and so as long as the man claiming to be Martin resembled him, especially because he had been away for so long, it was easiest to just believe him. It was also easy for his wife when he reappeared, because she had never remarried, choosing instead to maintain the autonomy that widowhood provided. Jean de Coras was one of the men involved in the trial, and throughout his account of the events, he makes certain that his involvement is cast in a very good light. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Coras, Jean de. Arrest memorable du parlement de Tolose http://tolosana.univ-toulouse.fr/fr/notice/075569353 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Free Re-use. In the public domain. Les documents accessibles sur Tolosana sont des reproductions numériques d’œuvres tombées dans le domaine public provenant des collections des bibliothèques universitaires toulousaines et de quelques autres établissements. Pour la majorité d’entre eux, leur réutilisation est libre et gratuite, sous réserve du respect du droit moral des auteurs et de la mention de source, sous la forme suivante : Tolosana. Bibliothèque de conservation du document original (celle-ci est indiquée dans les notices dans le champ « localisation »). https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/f6fc0025d06a172d3893a45b7937e030.jpg 58fc0b7cbd2266223be1c50648034b75 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Epistle Dedicatory Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Francis Bacon Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Malcom Oster Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Early 1600's Description An account of the resource This short text, written by Francis Bacon illustrates a rather important aspect of the Scientific Revolution- that of patronage and the importance of powerful backers in scientific endeavors. While the contents of his discovery is also interesting, what is more intriguing about this text is the fact that he devotes as much time to flattery and enticement as he does to describing what the text is about. The short letter to James I is full of flattery, but also self aggrandisement. In the same breath, Bacon paints both James I and himself as contributing to the “regeneration and restoration of the sciences” (Bacon, 143). In the Early Modern period, the importance of having powerful backers was twofold. Not only did the person being backed likely get funds, but they also had protection should they choose to upset the status quo, as some of Bacon’s contemporaries, like Andreas Vesalius would hint at in their writings. These scientists walked a very fine line between discovery and upsetting the status quo. If they went to far, they would fare no better than Galileo. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Science in Europe, 1500-1800 https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/7d63ba038a11980b3f89eefe3389fd01.jpeg a290632f395c77997632370ec08533d0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dedication Page of De revolutionibus orbium coelestium Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Copernicus, Nicolaus Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Matthew Walsh Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 1543 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Gallica.bnf.fr, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, original text available <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3350p/f6.image" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Non-Commercial Reuse. Full terms available <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/html/conditions-dutilisation-des-contenus-de-gallica" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>. Description An account of the resource This is the dedication page of Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus’ seminal work, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, “On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres,” which he published in 1543 just months before he died. In it he presents observations which challenge the geocentric model of the universe widely accepted since the time of Ptolemy. He instead argues that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun. On this page Copernicus dedicates his work to Pope Paul III. The book’s dedication did little to prevent the ensuing criticism from religious leaders (Catholic and Protestant), and some seventy years later with the Galilean controversy beginning to pick up, the text was placed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, the Catholic Church forbidding its production, purchase, or reading (Wiesner-Hanks, 376-378). Galileo himself references the dedication Copernicus made to Pope Paul III in his own letter to the Grand Duchess Christina, in which Galileo attempts to present himself and his theories as in line with the true interpretation of Scripture and Christian doctrine (Galileo, np). Copernicus’ papal dedication is a piece of evidence marshaled to show that the observations of astronomers like Copernicus and Galileo were not meant to subvert religion or the Catholic Church. Nonetheless, the hostile reaction to Copernicus’ work, despite its dedication, reveals that the papacy during the Scientific Revolution both supported scientific advancement by scholars affiliated with the Church (particularly Jesuits) and pushed back on certain theories that attacked the underpinnings of philosophy and all thought commonly accepted at the time. Thus the papacy was an institution which both supported and was deeply skeptical of the conclusions of the Scientific Revolution. https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/b95a7d5886e4cf7b7636c064034477ce.jpeg 5e5cf8cc195fd65c140e4430a033e98e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Images of Saint Ignatius of Loyola and Pope Paul III Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Juan de Mesa (1583-1627) Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Matthew Walsh Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1610 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Sterfbed van Ignatius, Karel van Mallery, naar Juan de Mesa, 1610, from Rijksmuseum. Original image <a href="https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/collectie/RP-P-1963-290" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain, with full license available <a href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here.</a> Description An account of the resource Spanish artist Juan de Mesa created this print in 1610, and it features three images from the life and death of Saint Ignatius of Loyola as part of a larger series on the life of Ignatius. Ignatius experienced a deeply spiritual conversion experience while convalescing from wounds sustained in war with the French. He is most well-remembered for the foundation of the Society of Jesus, the Jesuits, whose members have come to be described as “God’s soldiers.” In addition to standard vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, the Jesuits required a special promise of obedience to the pope, thus establishing the order as one of the fiercest defenders of the Catholic Church and the most diligent in spreading the faith in places near and far (Wiesner-Hanks, 256). In the upper right corner of this print is the scene of Ignatius receiving papal approval for the Society from Pope Paul III in 1540. As the Council of Trent and ensuing Catholic Reformation picked up steam in the coming years the Jesuits came to be heavily associated with the papacy as they sent priests covertly into Anglican England and evangelized in faraway nations like Japan. This image demonstrates the centrality of the papacy in the Catholic faith which emerged after the Reformation, as well as the zeal the various popes had for spreading Catholicism and their authority far and wide across the globe. He is most well-remembered for the foundation of the Society of Jesus, the Jesuits, whose members have come to be described as “God’s soldiers.” In addition to standard vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, the Jesuits required a special promise of obedience to the pope, thus establishing the order as one of the fiercest defenders of the Catholic Church and the most diligent in spreading the faith in places near and far. In the upper right corner of this print is the scene of Ignatius receiving papal approval for the Society from Pope Paul III in 1540. As the Council of Trent and ensuing Catholic Reformation picked up steam in the coming years the Jesuits came to be heavily associated with the papacy as they sent priests covertly into Anglican England and evangelized in faraway nations like Japan. This image demonstrates the centrality of the papacy in the Catholic faith which emerged after the Reformation, as well as the zeal the various popes had for spreading Catholicism and their authority far and wide across the globe. https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/7064fae3b28ebec175b192bcb54dc64d.jpg 2b11637fa62e3a0ffa0d45dafc084d64 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Medal in Commemoration of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pope Gregory XIII Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Matthew Walsh Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 1572 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Wikimedia Commons, original image available <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gregory_XIII_medal.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain, with full explanation on image page above. Description An account of the resource This medal was commissioned by Pope Gregory XIII in commemoration of the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, one of the bloodiest events of the French Wars of Religion. Catholics targeted and killed many prominent Protestants who were in Paris for the wedding of the king’s sister and the Protestant King Henry of Navarre. Estimates of the death toll vary widely, from thousands to tens of thousands (Wiesner-Hanks, 193). It weakened the Huguenot cause by killing off many of its important leaders, radicalized those who remained Protestant, and provoked continued bloodshed and violence between France’s two religious groups. In response to hearing of the massacre, Pope Gregory XIII ordered that the solemn canticle of thanksgiving, the Te Deum, be sung. Paintings of key events from Paris were commissioned by famed artist Giorgio Vasari. Gregory XIII also ordered this medal struck. It features on the obverse his bust, and on the reverse the Latin phrase “UGNOTTORUM STRAGES”, translated as “Overthrow of the Huguenots.” Catholic sources emphasize that the pope had no advance warning of the massacre and also suggest that the news reports which reached Rome implicated the Huguenots in a plot against the king’s life (Goyau, np). Nevertheless, this medal symbolizes the heavy response of the papacy to the Protestant Reformation sweeping Europe and the often violent measures the Bishops of Rome employed and endorsed in an effort to stamp out heresy. The medal also shows that national political events were inextricably linked to larger, European religious developments and that the papacy was a distinctly international institution. https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/60f44843a3929fe7d4df7679093bb1a6.jpeg 348fdf46a326846b6a0aad56fabc9111 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Leviathan Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Thomas Hobbes Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1651 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. 1651. University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain Description An account of the resource In Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan, the influence of Italian political ideas is clearly evident throughout the book. Hobbes’s specifically parallels Machiavelli’s focus on the unity and security of a state in the Prince. This idea of state unity is very important in a political sense, because with stability a state is able to flourish and improve the life of its citizens. Hobbes was writing Leviathan during the Glorious Revolution (1688-1689), which was an especially brutal civil war. With the unending chaos, Hobbes was obligate discuss the impact state stability in a political mindset and Machiavelli circumstance and writings shared similarities to Hobbes’s own situation (ONBAŞI 31). In addition Machiavelli's influence on Hobbes’s stance on the stability of a state, he was also significant in developing Hobbes concern of a public political morality, rather than a private morality. Hobbes then transforms this idea about public political morality, by stating it is riddled by the instinct of human preservation (ONBAŞI 33). This lack of trust of the individual is a key component of Hobbes idea of contract between the residents of a state and the supreme authority (Wiesner Hanks 280). These political ideas revolutionized political thought across Europe and led to more political discourse about the relationship of the citizens with the ruler, which would prompt others to question political theories. These ideas were especially, because of the political legacy they left behind. Monarchs began initiating reforms such as religious freedom to varying degrees throughout Europe, such as France’s temporary tolerance of Protestants, which wasn’t very effective. In addition to this, monarchs began reforming laws and giving people more freedoms, and evening claiming to tax themselves. Through these political reforms, it clear that Hobbes’s political ideas, were influenced by Italian political thought. https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/e4c09d9abcce4f5d1fd38c53a850fabf.jpg 0a11add5b5690b5d070e5ea5639adf4a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Exsurge Domine Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pope Leo X Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Matthew Walsh Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1520 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Bulla Decimi Leonis, contra errores Martini Lutheri et sequacium. (Cum prefatione et glossis Ulrici de Hutten), from Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Original image available <a href="http://digital.onb.ac.at/OnbViewer/viewer.faces?doc=ABO_%2BZ183482404" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource No Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Only, original license available <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-NC/1.0/?language=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here.</a> Description An account of the resource Almost three years after Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses set off a religious wildfire, Pope Leo X issued this papal bull, named after the first two words in the Latin text, “Arise, O Lord.” The document lists forty-one purported errors of Luther. Many of them concern the doctrines of purgatory and indulgences, but the bull also defends the Catholic doctrines of the divine institution of the papacy, the morality of burning heretics, and others (Wiesner-Hanks, 168-169). Pope Leo X ordered that all of Luther’s works be burned, and he forbade Catholics from reading or owning any of them. He also ordered Luther to come and recant his heretical beliefs within sixty days, or be excommunicated from the Catholic Church. Luther did not do so, and in response to the bull he issued several new writings denouncing the papacy as the Antichrist (whether the Antichrist label applies to the individual holding the papal office or the institution has been a source of intra-Lutheran dissension since; see for example statements by the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod <a href="https://www.lcms.org/about/beliefs/faqs/lcms-views#pope" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>, and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod <a href="https://wels.net/about-wels/what-we-believe/doctrinal-statements/antichrist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>, which also expound on Luther’s views on the subject). Two months after he received a copy of Exsurge Domine Martin Luther publicly burned it and other church documents. This papal bull shows the inherent spiritual role of the papacy as the center of authority in Catholicism. In relation to the Reformation period specifically it shows the doctrines that came under debate due to Luther’s challenge, and the fierce way in which the Catholic hierarchy responded to the German monk’s criticism. However, the bull ultimately did little if anything to slow down the speed of the Reformation that was sweeping across much of Germany. https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/c36a9b97bd1f2d16ee0033b0ec77a6e2.jpg ada91a522bd6613c05d16a116769b764 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Tomb of Pope Julius II Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Michelangelo Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Matthew Walsh Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1505-1545 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Image by Erik Drost, available <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/edrost88/6995025663/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Free reuse (CC BY 2.0) with <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">link to license</a> here. Description An account of the resource This large architectural project took Michelangelo and many assistants four decades to complete from the date of its commissioning. In fact, it was completed in a radically different form than originally envisioned over thirty years after its original patron died. This piece is an example of the challenges of being a Renaissance artist as described by Vasari, such as fickle, ever-changing patrons; Michelangelo and Pope Julius II fell out repeatedly (Wiesner-Hanks, 154). The Tomb of Julius II is also an excellent example of the power and prestige that came with the papacy during the sixteenth century, being commissioned by the same pontiff who ordered the painting of the Sistine Chapel and the reconstruction of St. Peter’s Basilica. Julius II was the last pre-Reformation pope. He is particularly known for his patronage of the arts, but the papacy throughout this period was a major financier of artistic endeavors by famous artisans like Michelangelo. Of course the temporal interests of the popes of this time extended beyond sculpture. Julius II has earned the moniker “Warrior Pope” for his constant campaigning as ruler of the lands of the Papal States. Revenues from these lands helped fund massive artistic endeavors such as the Tomb, although as Vasari often points out, payment by important persons like Julius II could often be greatly delayed making it to the artists (Vasari, np).