1 12 202 https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/c0ccb87889cff4395631f6aa637f74c7.png a5d0f5214cac3020732d74c0bd8e8bae Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Prostheses by Ambroise Paré Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ambroise Paré Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jack Williams Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1579 Description An account of the resource In 1579 the French surgeon Ambroise Paré published a series of drawings considered by many to be the first true attempts at creating functional prosthetic limbs. While prosthetics in some forms had existed for centuries before Paré’s work, they were very often crude and poorly formed, hooks for arms and pegs in place of legs (Hernigou). Paré however was the first to combine both mechanical engineering with a study of medicine and create a fairly functional, for the time, prosthetic hand. As the royal surgeon to four French kings Paré created innovative medical procedures at a time of difficult political situations for France and many other growing nation states throughout Europe. Like many others in the French government Paré benefited from a powerful absolutist monarch in France, he was given a large level of control over his own research and writings. His other works related to surgery, when and where it was useful, as well as his arguments against performing unnecessary procedures, such as fighting against the previous requirement of castration in order to cure hernias (Hernigou). In many ways Paré is a classic example of the nobles which surrounded the French monarch, both innovative and yet deeply tied to his government. He managed to stay in favor between many monarchs and nearly 30 years, but leveraged his position to perform research, and investigate real battlefield combat that may have been otherwise unattainable to him in any other position (Hernigou). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/9200579/bgj9rr8s.html Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource CC BY https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/db102e40d02a0c56c2555760cb53bbf4.jpeg 870dff5ada1112eab15fb7c89012f3f7 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Sketch Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image Unknown Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Trip to Russia under Tsar Peter I Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource G. L. Grove Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Diary by Vice Admiral J. Juel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1893 Description An account of the resource Without a doubt the most famous Tsar in Russian history, Peter I, or Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725) epitomized the transition of Russia into a ‘Europeanized’ power during the early 18th century. He was determined that Russia should gain international recognition among the great powers of Europe and worked to bring the culture and prestige he felt would lend greater credence to Russian superiority. He did this primarily through an attempt to bring Russia closer with Europe, particularly Western Europe. This is most clearly remembered in his erection of St. Petersburg as a grand European city on the Baltic. To research and promote this project, Peter traveled extensively in Europe and hired experts from major Western European cities into Russia to complete architectural and engineering plans for the grand city (Wiesner-Hanks, 357). Despite this level of imitation of Europe, Peter was not content with emulating the power and prestige of other European nations, he wanted to show Russian dominance and become a significant European leader. Peter, of course, already had significant resources at hand as the tsar of the largest European nation, and an enormous population of serfs, however, one point in which Russia consistently fell behind was in naval and maritime power. While this may seem ironic given the enormous length of the Russian coasts, Swedish dominance in the Baltic Sea and the strength of the Ottoman Empire in the Black Sea meant that Russia was often isolated from the rest of Europe (Wiesner-Hanks, 357). This circumstance gave Peter the impetus for a massive reorganization of the military, introducing conscription and the training of military officers to offer Russia a chance of defeating the disciplined Swedish military in the Baltic (Wiesner-Hanks, 357). Additionally, Peter was very interested in overseas colonies similar to those held by many Western European nations in the Americas and the East Indies. Shortly before his death, he sent Vitus Bering and Alexei Chirokov on a mission east to explore the potential for Russian expansion beyond the Kamchatka Peninsula. Because no European explorers had yet to explore the Northwest coast of the Americas, it was unknown what lay east of Russia. Indeed there were many rumors that Russia was in fact connected to the Americas through a land bridge, and Peter was interested in claiming this land for Russia. Setting off in 1724, Bering and Chirokov had to travel the length of Russia before constructing ships on the coast of Kamchatka. Despite sailing a good distance from the Russian coast (most historians estimate the voyage was so close to the Alaskan mainland that if the weather had been clearer they would have spotted it,) they returned to Russia without having found a path to the Americas. It was not until the second expedition in 1741 that Bering and Chirikov found land in the Americas with both spotting land in South-central and Southeast Alaska (respectively) within a day of one another. Despite Bering’s death on the return voyage, Russia laid claim to this new territory which offered a wealth of resources until they finally sold it to the United States in 1867. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The British Library Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Free Re-use https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/f483070e4a83edc8f1759dab9e5c6f04.jpeg 9be27ddcb385a31e7fbfacc2677c1fbe Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pope Julius III (formerly entitled Pope Paul III) | Sicciolante, Girolamo Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource J.W.E. vom Rath Bequest Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Pope Julius III short reign (1550-1555) as pope, would result in the development of the Catholic Reformation. Early in his leadership of the church, he faced the “infectious” spread of protestantism as well as corruption of religious orders (Wiesner Hanks 187). which he tried his best to fix. In order to combat these troubles he continued the tactics of Pope Paul III, “he appointed reform minded cardinals, abbots, and bishops who improved education for the clergy, tried to enforce moral standards among them” while also repermanding significant abuses (Wiesner Hanks 187). In addition to this change of leadership, he continued The Council of Trent (1545-1563) where new debates about the dogma of Communion as well as plans for new reformation decrees (Kirsch). Many royal delegations attended the council, including King Ferdinand and Henry II of France, which shows how important it was to state rulers. Protestants were also promised safe passage to the council, so they could participate and possibly reconcile with the church (Kirsch). Pope Julius III work with reforming the Catholic church contributed to the greater Catholic Reformation, which was trying to resolve problems pointed out both by the Protestants, but also to address religious controversies or deeply domatic subjects. This trend of Popes trying to reform the Catholic church, emphasizes the deeply political nature of church, but also the time period. These reforms would have a tremendous impact on the political stability of Europe, by energizing Catholics and creating a tremendous amount of infrastructure, which would transform the lives of the common man in the early modern time period (Wiesner Hanks 192). It also emphasizes the deep political impact the Protestant Reformation had on Europe to elicit such a massive response from the church. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1550-1600 Description An account of the resource The painting uses oil paint applied on canvas. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Bequest, J. Pope Julius III (formerly Entitled Pope Paul III) | Sicciolante, Girolamo. 1550-1600. Rijksmuseum, Netherlands. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/3e62c0199e8859ac5c118a87c9cbb921.jpg 41207259b4b328595b5dc4ad00d5c7c2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coricancha Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource "Architects": Incans of Cusco, Spanish conquistadors and missionaries Photo: McKay Savage Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Maddie Gartland Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Complex construction: Mid-1400s Spanish destruction, and cathedral: mid to late 1500s Photo: 2012 Description An account of the resource The Andean city of Cusco, located in modern-day Peru, was the capital of the Incan empire from the 13th century until the Spanish arrival in 1533. Coricancha (literally "gold enclosure") was the Incan empire's most important temple complex, considered the most sacred site in the Incan religion, and it was also regarded as the very center of the Inca world. The original complex was built using ashlar masonry, in which finely cut stone blocks were fitted together without mortar. It housed several temples to various deities of the Incan pantheon; the most important of these was the Temple of the Sun, which was dedicated to the sun god Inti and was furnished with astonishing amounts of gold (gold artifacts, statues, and even sheets of gold which were hung on the interior and exterior walls) (Cartwright). The complex's layout was in the approximate shape of a sun, with "rays" (roads, both actual and spiritual) that radiated out from the complex. (The Inca favored this kind of symbolic planning––in fact, the city of Cusco was lain out in the shape of the sacred jaguar, with Coricancha at its tail (Cartwright).) The complex was designed to let in as much sunlight as possible, and there were several open spaces as well. Spanish colonization in Cusco changed everything. Most of the gold from the Temple of the Sun and the rest of the complex was seized and melted down for the Spanish crown, and the Spanish also wasted little time in destroying much of the original Incan complex. In its place, the Spanish conquerors built the Church of Santo Domingo, maintaining some functional continuity (it remained a spiritual center) but effectively demolishing the one religion and replacing it with the other (Cartwright). Tearing down the spiritual center of the Incan empire certainly sent a message of Spanish power and superiority, not to mention the priority of Catholicism. This new cathedral was, of course, built in the Spanish design, with Spanish materials and Spanish methods. The example of Coricancha displays the way that destroying native architecture and replacing it with colonial architecture served as a means of subjugation; here, it established a new predominant faith and the power of the Spanish to dominate even that which the native peoples found sacred. This replacement of indigenous creations with Spanish colonial ones was not uncommon in the New World, and was potentially an influential factor in the psychological subjugation of the indigenous peoples, making them feel alien in their own establishments. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peru_-_Cusco_023_-_Qorikancha_(7084772615).jpg Cartwright, Mark. "Coricancha" last modified March 9, 2014. https://www.ancient.eu/Coricancha/ Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons 2.0, free re-use https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/bf4fbd08b22ede5786133a010b0c4da8.jpg 2fe8d248a3709723c8c5f850199f95ec Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Aristotle (Copy of Lysippos' Bust of Aristotle) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource (Original) Lysippos Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Moses Jehng Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource (Bust) After 330 BCE Description An account of the resource The bust (above) depicts Aristotle. The student of Plato, Aristotle was another prominent philosopher of Ancient Greece. His works were also studied in the Renaissance, and many of his theories thus made their way into European intellectual history. As with Plato, not much is known about Aristotle's early life except that he attended Plato's Academy. After leaving the Academy following Plato's death, he served as tutor to Alexander the Great. Throughout his life, he produced many writings and taught at his own school, covering a wide range of subjects such as ethics, physics, biology, and more (Kennedy, p. 1-7). At the root of Renaissance notions of humanism and self-actualization was Aristotle (discussed week one of HIST 139). Aristotle believed that each person had a unique potential. To live the best life possible, one must fulfill their potential, and the best political constitution should allow for this. Just as the sapling yearns to grow into a robust tree, so too should we pursue our own growth. One manifestation of Aristotle’s self-actualization was Alberti’s concept of the “Renaissance Man,” or one who trained themselves intellectually, spiritually, artistically, and physically. Men would study classical texts and discuss them to develop their mental abilities, devote themselves to pious living to develop spiritually, pursue the arts to develop artistically, and practice swordplay and acrobatics to develop their physical abilities. Seen as the ideal depiction of a male, the universal improvement characteristic of the Renaissance Man embodied a valuing of self-actualization (Encyclopedia Britannica). Another legacy of Aristotle was that of his scientific theories. Aristotelian science was generally accepted as true until gradually refuted up to its near total rejection throughout the Scientific Revolution. One popular espousal of Aristotle’s thought appeared in astronomy. Believing the cosmos to be perfect, Aristotle proposed that all celestial bodies were flawless—even their movement was conducted in perfect circles. He also propagated a geocentric model. To understand the profound influence Aristotle exerted on Early Modern Europe, one can turn to Galileo’s trial by the Catholic Church. Using a telescope to discover that the planets were not perfect but instead marred on their surfaces, and supporting ideas of heliocentrism and elliptical orbit, Galileo opposed the Aristotelian world-view. In their prosecution of him, the Catholic Church explicitly voiced their discontent with the inconsistencies between his theories and that of Aristotle, whom they claimed was a great thinker and was thus right. Unwilling to acknowledge fault in Aristotle, the Church imprisoned Galileo (Wiesner-Hanks, p. 376-81). Aristotle also contributed to the theory of the four elements, positing that everything was composed of water, earth, air, or fire. This was also generally accepted as truth until the discovery of the atom by Robert Boyle (Wiesner-Hanks, p. 374-5). Prior to that, however, the theory of the elements served as the foundation of other beliefs such as humoralism, which became based on the four elements. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Encyclopedia Britannica. "Renaissance Man." Encyclopedia Britannica. July 20, 1998. Accessed November 17, 2018. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Renaissance-man. Kennedy, George A. "Introduction." In On Rhetoric, by Aristotle, 1-7. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2007. Nguyen, Marie-Lan. Bust of Aristotle (Copy of Lysippos). 330 bce. Palazzo Altemps, Rome. In Wikimedia. November 11, 2006. Accessed November 17, 2018. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg. Wiesner-Hanks, Merry. Early Modern Europe 1450-1789. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Photo is Public Domain https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/2c7c50a5822c42bfe0d9e1934d8bc21d.jpeg c5b03af01f6eb028dc299ac22a8888cb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gold Castellano of Ferdinand & Isabella of Castile Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource [Unknown] Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Zach Irvin Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1474 Description An account of the resource Minted five years after the marriage of Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand, this Spanish gold coin represents the increasingly unified economy of the Iberian peninsula. <br /><br />The marriage of King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile was perhaps the most consequential moment in the economic trajectory of early modern Spain. More than just a marriage of two significant monarchs, it was more importantly a unification of two kingdoms that would come to challenge the political order of western Europe. The reign of Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand was characterized by ambitious institutional reforms, strict enforcement of religious uniformity, and a far-reaching colonial project to expand empire. In fact, it was Queen Isabella herself who funded and authorized the first voyages of Christopher Columbus, a development that would prove to reshape the economic landscape of Europe for centuries to come. Throughout their reign, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella navigated intense social upheaval throughout the kingdoms and often responded to the demands not of the clergymen and nobles, but of <em>comuneros </em>whose national movement called for reforms to the very mechanism by which the Crown could mint its currency (Cowans, 47). Indeed, the grievances of the Spanish townspeople extended even to the state's monetary policy. That is not to say, however, that early modern Spain experienced uninterrupted expansion of its domestic economy. The crown's failed monetary policies proved disastrous, as gold coins such as this became increasingly valueless and price signals could not stabilize in response. By 1652, villages in Andalusia broke out in riot as commoners demanded a lower exchange rate and more affordable goods (Cowans, 173). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Unknown. Medieval Coin, 1474, The Portable Antiquities Scheme. <a href="https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/2048087/ProvidedCHO_British_Museum_and_The_Portable_Antiquities_Scheme_CORN_9C2D35.html?q=Medieval+Coin">https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/2048087/ProvidedCHO_British_Museum_and_The_Portable_Antiquities_Scheme_CORN_9C2D35.html?q=Medieval+Coin</a><br /><br /><div class="form-focus layout-padding layout-align-center-center layout-row"> <div id="citation01BRC_CCO_ALMA21305194400002971">Cowans, Jon.<span> </span><i>Early Modern Spain : A Documentary History</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. </div> </div> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Free Use CC BY https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/f1a37f2682176f87290b51428eeaf1d0.jpeg 70317b4ffde10cd0d8a9234e2eabc57a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource An Act for the Better Relief of the Poor Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource [Unknown] Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Zach Irvin Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Unknown Description An account of the resource Passed in Parliament near the end of the 18th century, this act sought to expand programs for the lower classes within the city of Edinburgh. “Poor Laws” such as this can trace their origins in England and Scotland to the late medieval era. However, as the bureaucracy of the state expanded throughout the early modern era, so too did the scope and structure of its social programs. Great political philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau presented new understandings of the role of government in civil society and played a key role in the development of Western social contract theory. <br /><br />Robust social welfare programs in the early modern era were largely a response to the breakdown of the medieval social structure and pervasive poverty rates in both the city and countryside. Especially in Elizabethan England, the state played a very active role in aiding both the disabled <em>and</em> able-bodied poor. In Scotland, however, poor laws were a direct response to the demands of the countryside, with George Strickland explaining "that so long as Scotland continued to be a purely agricultural country, her population thinly scattered, and therefore never experiencing the miseries which fluctuations in employment and in the price of food bring upon labourers collected together in greater numbers, these laws may not in many parts of the country have been strictly enforced" (Strickland, 60). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived An act for the better relief of the poor, University of Edinburgh. <a href="https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/9200263/BibliographicResource_3000135327877.html?q=An+act+for+the+better+relief+of+the+poor">https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/9200263/BibliographicResource_3000135327877.html?q=An+act+for+the+better+relief+of+the+poor</a><br /><br /><div class="form-focus layout-padding layout-align-center-center layout-row"> <div id="citationTN_gale_sU0105074561">Strickland, George.<span> </span><i>A Discourse on the Poor Laws of England and Scotland, on the State of the Poor of Ireland, and on Emigration / by George Strickland</i>. London: Printed for J. Ridgway, 1827.<br /><br /></div> </div> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Free Use CC BY https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/990de832bf633f49d08808e2272cd550.jpeg b5f8c139b2205d40bb1a653485712b16 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource German Thaler Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource [Unknown] Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Zach Irvin Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1761 Description An account of the resource The thaler, a coin widely used throughout Europe since the 16th century, was considered by many to be a standard currency of the era. This particular silver coin, however, was minted in 1761 in northern Germany near the end of its popularity. The death of the thaler was indicative of the much broader economic developments throughout the 18th century. The German economy experienced especially dramatic changes throughout the 17th and 18th century. The aftermath of the Thirty Years War left the economy uniquely volatile to the wider disruptions felt throughout Europe in this "Age of Crisis". Commerce throughout this period became quite stagnant as a result of unstable price signals and depleted resources. These failures of price signals and subsequent inflation required an entirely new approach to monetary policy. The role of the state, therefore, became a central consideration of this era. Perhaps the war was most felt in the German countryside where "a survey in the abbey of Ottobeuren found only 133 horses and 181 cattle in 1636, compared to 2,094 and 6,607 respectively 16 years earlier" (Wilson, 801). The state's role, therefore, was in part a response to the destruction experienced by rural communities and the demands of the struggling German farmer. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived German Thaler, 1761. Vänersborgs Museum. <a href="https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/916106/vbg_object_VM25362.html?q=German+Thaler">https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/916106/vbg_object_VM25362.html?q=German+Thaler</a><br /><br />Wilson, Peter H. Europe's Tragedy: A New History of the Thirty Years War. Penguin UK, 2009. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Free Use CC BY https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/1f8db77c3b3e3af00410da7fd1ffc654.jpeg fe7f1042b477f9ce2d8d611dcabd6240 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Marco Polo - Portrait | Severin Worm-Petersen Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource [Unknown] Photograph by Severin Worm-Petersen Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Zach Irvin Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1477 Description An account of the resource First published in Nuremberg in 1477, this woodcut portrait of Marco Polo describes the famous Venetian merchant as a “Great Traveller” and a discoverer of the “Great Wonders of the World”. Polo’s extensive travels to Asia in the late 13th century demonstrated the true scope of Europe’s emerging merchant capitalist model, marking the beginning of a global economic order and ushering in the “Age of Discovery” that accelerated a new era of globalization. Venice and other coastal cities quickly became bustling cultural centers, facilitating the rapid movement of wealth and intellectual discourse that characterized the changing social and political landscape of early modern Europe. With the distribution of his famous travelogue <em>Book of the Marvels of the World</em>, Polo continued to be a popular figure in Europe nearly two centuries after his death. As humanist thinking continued to dominate scholarly spheres, Marco Polo’s ambitious travels embodied the values of exploration and discovery, and expanded the European imagination to new and uncharted lands.  Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Unknown. Marco Polo - Portrait, 1477. Woodcut, Norsk Teknisk Museum. <a href="https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/2022608/NTM_NTM_UWP_07987.html?q=marco+polo">https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/2022608/NTM_NTM_UWP_07987.html?q=marco+polo</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource CC BY Free Re-use https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/495132b38f2b4dd592785136dad878ac.pdf f6582bb912032fc0300ef0ee24f7b766 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Early Modern Period in the Low Countries Essay Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Adam Smart Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Adam Smart Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 19, 2018 Description An account of the resource This is a longer essay which addresses the aims of my exhibit. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived N/A Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This work is free to use with attribution, as long as any modifications made are acknowledged as such. https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/89334af2781851dc243d7855b7e3fcbd.jpeg 3177eb4af6b8537d5ea3d671f745512d Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Adam Smith Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cassidy Bins Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1776 Description An account of the resource Adam Smith’s Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of Wealth of Nations, published in 1776, was an important milestone in the development of capitalism in early modern Europe. His publication advocated for free trade, open markets, and competition, which he argued were essential for a country’s economy to flourish (Wiesner-Hanks, 203). Beginning in the seventeenth century, England adopted “new crops and crop rotation schedules, altered patterns of landownership, selective breeding of stock and plants, and increases in the amount of land under cultivation” (Wiesner-Hanks, 456). As a result, its agricultural yield was higher and farming more efficient. Similar efficiency was also present in the Netherlands, where urbanization, as well as technological and agricultural changes, were ramping up (Wiesner-Hanks, 457). Economic efficiency did not increase in every country, but England and the Netherlands were leaders in increased output and utilization of resources. England’s expanding economy also reflected Adam Smith’s idea of specialization, in which certain groups of society made certain products or provided certain services for sale (Urban Achievement). Thus, Smith’s views represent a move away from subsistence farming to an increasingly specialized and interdependent economy. Capitalist ideas took root in America as well as in England. The sugar trade, in which England took part, ferried slaves across the Atlantic as a source of cheap labor; landowners in the New World exploited slave labor and the sugar plantations as demand for sugar rose in Europe, particularly in England (Moore). As trade became increasingly globalized, so did Smith’s free-market ideas. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photo: Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. University of Edinburgh. Jason W. Moore, “Sugar and the Expansion of the Early Modern World-Economy,” Review, Research Foundation of State University of New York, 2000. Urban Achievement in Early Modern Europe, ed. Patrick O’Brien. Cambridge University Press, 2001. Wiesner-Hanks, Merry. Early Modern Europe: 1450-1789. Cambridge University Press, 2013. Print. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Free re-use (CC BY 3.0). https://earlymoderneurope.hist.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/03c95bb349d4a2611e054a555ab34bdc.jpg e3ebb718fbdea3775ccf1c54742f58d9 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Wealth of Nations Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Adam Smith Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1776 Description An account of the resource Adam Smith’s quintessential work of classical economic philosophy, Wealth of Nations, is seen as one of the most influential philosophical works of the entire Enlightenment era. In it, Smith bashes Mercantilist economic policies for their backward, unproductive effect on economies. Instead, he advocates for what he calls Laissez-Faire economics, meaning that the government plays a minimal, if not non-existent, role in their state’s economy. These theories could be seen as the birth of economic Liberalism, building off of John Locke’s treatises which advocate minimal government involvement in the everyday lives of its citizens. Smith goes further to say that the government should not touch the economy in any way in a capitalist system to have a genuinely productive and Liberal economy. Though Smith’s arguments could be seen to have developed in, and only in, a period of intellectual vitality such as the Enlightenment, it could be argued the period preceding the enlightenment had enough intellectual virtue to incubate Smith’s philosophical developments. Historian, Joel Mokyr argues that the developments and intellectual exuberance of the Scientific Revolution, which occurred before periods of liberal economic theory when mercantilism still reigned chief, were vital in setting the stage for the Industrial Revolution, which has a direct correspondence with the enlightenment in England based on their time periods (roughly the second half of the 18th Century)(1). 1. Mokyr, Joel. “Accounting for the Industrial Revolution.” Chapter. In The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain, edited by Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson, 1:1–27. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521820363.002. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Wikimedia Commons Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain